How To Use PM2 to Setup a Node.js Production Environment On An Ubuntu VPS

Introduction

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This tutorial aims to help you setup up an Ubuntu server to run Node.js applications, including apps based on Express, Geddy, or Sails. These instructions will help you avoid some security mistakes, as well as provide some surprising benefits such as:

• You will not run your app as root; therefore, your app will be more secure.

• You will be using port 80 to run your app, which typically can only be accessed by the root user. (You will able to run your app using a custom URL such as http://mysite.com - but you will not have to specify a port.)

• Your application will restart if it crashes, and it will keep a log of unhandled exceptions.

• Your application will restart when the server starts - i.e. it will run as a service.

These instructions assume that the reader has only a basic knowledge of Linux. You may skip the information that you do not need, but following the steps closely may provide some advantages.

Create a Safe Account to Run Your Code

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When you first set up your DigitalOcean droplet, you received instructions to log on using the root account. The instructions looked something like this:

To login to your droplet, you will need to open a terminal window and copy and paste the following string:

ssh root@192.241.xxx.xxx

Please note, ‘192.241.xxx.xxx’ will be different for you. Simply follow the instructions you received from DigitalOcean when your virtual server was setup and log on using ssh.

As most of us understand, if you run your code using the root account, and if a hostile party compromises the code, that party could get total control of your VPS.

To avoid this, let’s setup a safe account that can still perform root operations if we supply the appropriate password. For the purposes of this tutorial, let’s call our safe user “safeuser”– you can name it whatever you like. For now, log on as the root user and follow these steps:

• Create the user with a folder in /home/safeuser/:

useradd -s /bin/bash -m -d /home/safeuser -c "safe user" safeuser

• Create a password for safeuser - you will be asked to type it twice after you enter the following command:

passwd safeuser

• Give the safe user permission to use root level commands:

usermod -aG sudo username

Login as the Safe User

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Log out of your DigitalOcean root session by pressing ctrl-D.

Please note that the command to log on as the safe user is the same command you used before, but the user name has changed. Once you have logged on as the safe user, every time you want to run a command that has root privileges, you are going to have to proceed the command with the word sudo. From the command line on your own machine, log on using the command that appears below.

ssh safeuser@192.241.xxx.xxx

Install GIT

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One you have logged on, install GIT (we are going to use GIT to install Node.js.). If, for any reason, you are unfamiliar with GIT, it is a beautiful tool that is going to become a big part of your life. Read the GIT book if you want to know more. Installing it on Ubuntu is easy:

sudo apt-get install git

The word sudo indicates that you want to run this command as root. You will be prompted for your password - i.e. the safe user password. When you provide your password, the command will run.

Install Latest Node.JS

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Please note that v0.10.24 is the most recent version of Node as of this writing. If there is a newer version, please use that version number instead.

Type the following commands, one line at a time, and watch the magic as your droplet downloads, compiles, and installs the Node.js:

sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install curl openssl libssl-dev
git clone https://github.com/joyent/node.git
cd node
git checkout v0.10.24
./configure
make
sudo make install

When you type sudo make, a lot of things are going to happen. Be patient.

When the make install process ends, make sure all went well by typing:

node -v

If all went well, you should see: v0.10.24.

Give Safe User Permission To Use Port 80

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Remember, we do NOT want to run your applications as the root user, but there is a hitch: your safe user does not have permission to use the default HTTP port (80). You goal is to be able to publish a website that visitors can use by navigating to an easy to use URL like http://mysite.com.

Unfortunately, unless you sign on as root, you’ll normally have to use a URL like http://mysite.com:3000 - notice the port number.

A lot of people get stuck here, but the solution is easy. There a few options but this is the one I like. Type the following commands:

sudo apt-get install libcap2-bin
sudo setcap cap_net_bind_service=+ep /usr/local/bin/node

Now, when you tell a Node application that you want it to run on port 80, it will not complain.

Use NPM To Install A Package Called PM2.

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NPM is a package manager that you will use to install frameworks and libraries to use with your Node.js applications. NPM was installed with Node.js. PM2 is a sweet little tool that is going to solve two problems for you:

1. It is going to keep your site up by restarting the application if it crashes. These crashes should NOT happen, but it is good know that PM2 has your back. (Some people may be aware of Forever.js, another tool that is used to keep node based sites running - I think you will find that PM2 has a lot to offer.)

2. It is going to help you by restarting your node application as a service every time you restart the server. Some of use know of other ways to do this, but pm2 makes it easier, and it has some added flexibility.

Install PM2 by typing thr following at the command line:

sudo npm install pm2 -g

Create a Simple Node App

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This is where you can test your environment to be sure everything is working as it should. In this example, I will use the IP address, but your goal should be to use a domain name. Look at these instructions later: How To Set Up a Host Name with DigitalOcean

First, create a simple node app just for testing. At the command line type:

nano app.js

Then enter the following lines of code into the nano editor:

var http = require('http');
var server = http.createServer(function (request, response) {
  response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
  response.end("Hello World\n");
});
server.listen(80);
console.log("Server running at http://127.0.0.1:80/");

Press ctrl-X to exit - when nano asks if you want to save, answer yes.

Now you have a node based application called app.js that you can use to test your environment.

You can run app.js at the command line by typing: node app.js

Do that, and you should be able to see your hello world text by using a browser and typing your IP address as the URL. You can interrupt execution by pressing crtl-C. This is NOT how we want to run our application. There is a MUCH better way. We will use PM2 to run it instead of using Node directly.

Run your app using PM2, and ensure that your node.js application starts automatically when your server restarts

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There are some huge benefits for you if you run your application using pm2. Instead of running your app as above, run it using the following command: pm2 start app.js

You should see this report:

What are the advantages of running your application this way?

• PM2 will automatically restart your application if it crashes.

• PM2 will keep a log of your unhandled exceptions - in this case, in a file at /home/safeuser/.pm2/logs/app-err.log.

• With one command, PM2 can ensure that any applications it manages restart when the server reboots. Basically, your node application will start as a service.

Run this command to run your application as a service by typing the following:

sudo env PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin pm2 startup -u safeuser

Please note, you may not be using safeuser as the user name - use the name that corresponds to your setup. You should see the following report:

Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/pm2-init.sh ...
   /etc/rc0.d/K20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh
   /etc/rc1.d/K20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh
   /etc/rc6.d/K20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh
   /etc/rc2.d/S20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh
   /etc/rc3.d/S20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh
   /etc/rc4.d/S20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh
   /etc/rc5.d/S20pm2-init.sh -> ../init.d/pm2-init.sh

Now our stated objectives have been reached!

• You are not running as root; therefore, your app is more secure.

• You are using port 80, which can usually only be used by the root user.

• Your application will restart if it crashes, and it will keep a log on unhandled exceptions.

• Your application will restart when the server starts.

Have fun! This is a fairly robust setup to start with.

**After thought: ** You may notice a file folder called node in the safeuser directory. It was used during installation, but you no longer need it. You can delete it by typing the following:

rm -rf /home/safuser/node

There is a lot more to learn about node, but this tutorial will put you on the right path. To learn more about pm2, visit the pm2 repo

Important Clarification: There is a startup script that starts your Node applications, but you will avoid a lot of confusion if you understand how it works. The script is called ‘pm2-init.sh.’ It lives in the ‘etc/init.d/’ directory, but it does NOT start app.js. Instead, it starts the programs that were running under PM2 the last time the server shutdown.

This is important. If your node application does not show up in the list when you type pm2 list, then your app will not restart when the server restarts. Follow the proper instructions for starting your apps using pm2 to ensure that they will restart: pm2 start app.js

By Jim Cassidy