Manager, Developer Education
A previous version of this tutorial was written by Hazel Virdó
MySQL is an open-source database management system, commonly installed as part of the popular LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It uses a relational database and SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage its data.
The short version of the installation is simple: update your package index, install the mysql-server
package, and then run the included security script.
This tutorial will explain how to install MySQL version 5.7 on an Ubuntu 18.04 server. However, if you’re looking to update an existing MySQL installation to version 5.7, you can read this MySQL 5.7 update guide instead.
To follow this tutorial, you will need:
sudo
privileges and a firewall.On Ubuntu 18.04, only the latest version of MySQL is included in the APT package repository by default. At the time of writing, that’s MySQL 5.7
To install it, update the package index on your server with apt
:
Then install the default package:
Ensure that the server is running using the systemctl start
command:
These commands will install and start MySQL, but will not prompt you to set a password or make any other configuration changes. Because this leaves your installation of MySQL insecure, we will address this next.
For fresh installations, you’ll want to run the included security script. This changes some of the less secure default options for things like remote root logins and sample users. On older versions of MySQL, you needed to initialize the data directory manually as well, but this is done automatically now.
Run the security script:
This will take you through a series of prompts where you can make some changes to your MySQL installation’s security options. The first prompt will ask whether you’d like to set up the Validate Password Plugin, which can be used to test the strength of your MySQL password. Regardless of your choice, the next prompt will be to set a password for the MySQL root user. Enter and then confirm a secure password of your choice.
From there, you can press Y
and then ENTER
to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions. This will remove some anonymous users and the test database, disable remote root logins, and load these new rules so that MySQL immediately respects the changes you have made.
To initialize the MySQL data directory, you would use mysql_install_db
for versions before 5.7.6, and mysqld --initialize
for 5.7.6 and later. However, if you installed MySQL from the Debian distribution, as described in Step 1, the data directory was initialized automatically; you don’t have to do anything. If you try running the command anyway, you’ll see the following error:
mysqld: Can't create directory '/var/lib/mysql/' (Errcode: 17 - File exists)
. . .
2018-04-23T13:48:00.572066Z 0 [ERROR] Aborting
Note that even though you’ve set a password for the root MySQL user, this user is not configured to authenticate with a password when connecting to the MySQL shell. If you’d like, you can adjust this setting by following Step 3.
In Ubuntu systems running MySQL 5.7 (and later versions), the root MySQL user is set to authenticate using the auth_socket
plugin by default rather than with a password. This allows for some greater security and usability in many cases, but it can also complicate things when you need to allow an external program (e.g., phpMyAdmin) to access the user.
In order to use a password to connect to MySQL as root, you will need to switch its authentication method from auth_socket
to mysql_native_password
. To do this, open up the MySQL prompt from your terminal:
Next, check which authentication method each of your MySQL user accounts use with the following command:
Output+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| user | authentication_string | plugin | host |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| root | | auth_socket | localhost |
| mysql.session | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| mysql.sys | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| debian-sys-maint | *CC744277A401A7D25BE1CA89AFF17BF607F876FF | mysql_native_password | localhost |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
In this example, you can see that the root user does in fact authenticate using the auth_socket
plugin. To configure the root account to authenticate with a password, run the following ALTER USER
command. Be sure to change password
to a strong password of your choosing, and note that this command will change the root password you set in Step 2:
Then, run FLUSH PRIVILEGES
which tells the server to reload the grant tables and put your new changes into effect:
Check the authentication methods employed by each of your users again to confirm that root no longer authenticates using the auth_socket
plugin:
Output+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| user | authentication_string | plugin | host |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| root | *3636DACC8616D997782ADD0839F92C1571D6D78F | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| mysql.session | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| mysql.sys | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| debian-sys-maint | *CC744277A401A7D25BE1CA89AFF17BF607F876FF | mysql_native_password | localhost |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
You can see in this example output that the root MySQL user now authenticates using a password. Once you confirm this on your own server, you can exit the MySQL shell:
Alternatively, some may find that it better suits their workflow to connect to MySQL with a dedicated user. To create such a user, open up the MySQL shell once again:
Note: If you have password authentication enabled for root, as described in the preceding paragraphs, you will need to use a different command to access the MySQL shell. The following will run your MySQL client with regular user privileges, and you will only gain administrator privileges within the database by authenticating:
From there, create a new user and give it a strong password:
Then, grant your new user the appropriate privileges. For example, you could grant the user privileges to all tables within the database, as well as the power to add, change, and remove user privileges, with this command:
Note that, at this point, you do not need to run the FLUSH PRIVILEGES
command again. This command is only needed when you modify the grant tables using statements like INSERT
, UPDATE
, or DELETE
. Because you created a new user, instead of modifying an existing one, FLUSH PRIVILEGES
is unnecessary here.
Following this, exit the MySQL shell:
Finally, let’s test the MySQL installation.
Regardless of how you installed it, MySQL should have started running automatically. To test this, check its status.
You’ll see output similar to the following:
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: en
Active: active (running) since Wed 2018-04-23 21:21:25 UTC; 30min ago
Main PID: 3754 (mysqld)
Tasks: 28
Memory: 142.3M
CPU: 1.994s
CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
└─3754 /usr/sbin/mysqld
If MySQL isn’t running, you can start it with sudo systemctl start mysql
.
For an additional check, you can try connecting to the database using the mysqladmin
tool, which is a client that lets you run administrative commands. For example, this command says to connect to MySQL as root (-u root
), prompt for a password (-p
), and return the version.
You should see output similar to this:
mysqladmin Ver 8.42 Distrib 5.7.21, for Linux on x86_64
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Server version 5.7.21-1ubuntu1
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
Uptime: 30 min 54 sec
Threads: 1 Questions: 12 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 115 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 34 Queries per second avg: 0.006
This means MySQL is up and running.
You now have a basic MySQL setup installed on your server. Here are a few examples of next steps you can take:
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I followed the instructions on Step 3 and just ended up locking myself of mysql. Something there is not right or should be made more clear as to what is going on.
This comment has been deleted
I went through the same issue. Followed instructions on Step 3 and ended up locking myself of mysql.
But then I found what was wrong. The command changes the password to “password”. You need to type “password” as password, to be able to login as root.
As we have set root’s password in the previous step (Step 2), when running “mysql_secure_installation”, we simply don’t see that we are UNDOING it at Step 3.
Definitely, it should be made more clear as to what is going on, as suggested by brandon.
Were you trying to do this on a remote machine? If yes, you would be locked out since it restricts remote users from using root login.
I did the same and I had to uninstall and then reinstall mysql to recover.
I confirm that instructions on Step 3 results in locking up ourselves out of mysql. Indeed, something there is not right.
It’s possible that if the root user was previously using
auth_socket
for authentication and you’ve switched it tomysql_native_password
, it might cause authentication issues, especially if you don’t set a password during the process.Here are a few potential reasons why this could lead to being locked out of MySQL:
If the root user had an empty password before, switching to
mysql_native_password
without setting a password could cause authentication failures.MySQL may have a password policy in place that requires a certain level of complexity or length for passwords. If the password you set doesn’t meet these requirements, it could lead to authentication failures.
There could be configuration issues in MySQL that prevent authentication with passwords, such as misconfigured authentication plugins or incorrect settings in the
my.cnf
configuration file.Regards
Hello. On the 3rd step when I try execute command:
I faced error:
It seems like you’re using MariaDB instead of MySQL. The
ALTER USER
syntax you’re trying to use is specific to MySQL 5.7 and later versions, and it may not be compatible with MariaDB.In MariaDB, you can set the password for the ‘root’ user using a different syntax. Here’s how you can do it:
Replace
'your_password'
with the desired password for the ‘root’ user.Alternatively, you can try using the
mysql_native_password
plugin in MariaDB. Here’s how you can do it:Again, replace
'your_password'
with the desired password for the ‘root’ user.After setting the password, you should be able to log in using the specified password. If you encounter any issues or need further assistance, feel free to ask!
Thanks for the great tutorial(s)!
I have a question regarding
mysql_secure_installation
:I installed mysql-server 5.7 on Ubuntu 18.04 and ran the commands manually, as described here:
Apart from changing the root password, each of the commands showed no effect at all:
I have two questions:
mysql_secure_installation
if it does not have any effect?auth_socket
authentification?Not sure about your 2nd question, but the commands showing 0 rows affected only means that database rows/records weren’t affected. Since we are doing administrative type setup tasks, we are modifying those things, but not a specific database record. I think its just a default response in the mysql cli to report if/how many records were changed from the query.
Thanks a lot for taking your time to clarify this. I still wonder whether
mysql_secure_installation
makes a difference or if it’s just redundant (in the context of mysql-server 5.7 on Ubuntu 18.04) .Sure thing. The 2-3 tutorials I’ve seen say to go ahead and do it. It just takes a few minutes. I don’t think its redundant because its basically setting things up with various choices you make rather than stuff that would be enabled as part of a distro’s included installations. But I’m not certain. In general, I try to go with more secure options like this since security is such an issue.
I was unable to login to mysql after installation no matter what I did until I found this, but I lost the link to the original page, just copying from my notes. I’m running ubuntu server 18.04 on ESXi. I installed mysql using sudo apt-get install mysql-server. These steps make your password root. Just substitute your desired password for ‘root’ after the word BY at the end of the line that starts with ALTER USER.
sudo nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf Add to bottom of file: [mysqld] skip-grant-tables
save and exit
sudo service mysql restart mysql -u root -p (press enter to leave blank password)
mysql> flush privileges;
ALTER USER ‘root’@‘localhost’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘root’; exit sudo service mysql restart sudo nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf and change from skip-grant-tables to #skip-grant-tables save and exit sudo service mysql restart
Now you will be able to login with the new password mysql -u root -p mysql>flush privileges;
Thanks for sharing this information.
You can also always reach out in our community whenever you have questions or want to share details on SysAdmin, DigitalOcean and beyond.
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/questions
Regards
Hi there, apache2 is being disabled after installation of MySQL on ubuntu 14.4 , any thing am doing wrong?
It’s unusual for installing MySQL to disable Apache2. However, it’s possible that there might be some configuration or dependency conflict causing this behavior.
Regards
Mark
This was a great guide. Thank you.
I have one question though and I’ve googled trying to find the answer but so far have found nothing.
In Step 3 …
Is there an alternative means of accomplishing the following 2 from a command line using say mysqladmin?
ALTER USER ‘root’@‘localhost’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘password’;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
I have an application that requires the above as part of the applications installation but I am trying to just put the application’s entire install into a Bash script with “minimal” user interaction.
Using your Step 3 works - but requires the manual entry/execution of:
$ mysql msyql> ALTER USER ‘root’@‘localhost’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘password’; mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; mysql> quit
I thought perhaps in a script I could just do:
mysqladmin -u root password NEWPASSWORD
then
mysqladmin flush-privileges
but the access to the application fails where it succeeds if I do it your way using the manual entry/execution of commands.
My assumption is that
mysqladmin -u root password NEWPASSWORD changes the password but does not change auth-socket to mysql_native-password like your method.
So are you aware of who to make the equivalent of your method? can mysqladmin do that?
thanks in advance for any info Brian
Mark… never mind I figured it out. This works as a way to execute all of that in a single command line:
mysql -uroot -e “ALTER USER ‘root’@‘localhost’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘password’;” -e “FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”
where ‘password’ needs to be changed to the new password for root such as: ‘newpassword’
Thanks again. brian
Hey, Mark
I’m glad that you’ve sorted this out. The one-liner command should work fine as described.
Regards
On Ubuntu 18.10 on Digital Ocean this guide don’t work… I really don’t know why I . just change the droplet and everything works as expected.
Thanks for your feedback.
There might have been changes to the article to address some error or typo. I believe the article should work just fine on Ubuntu 18.04.
Regards
This comment has been deleted
Got it working without any problems, thank you. How would I go about setting up remote connections so I can connect from my mac using sequel pro?
You can check this article on how to allow remote access:
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-allow-remote-access-to-mysql
Regards