How To Install WordPress with Caddy on Ubuntu 16.04

Introduction

WordPress is a popular content management system (CMS). It can be used to set up blogs and websites quickly and easily, and almost all of its administration is possible through a web interface.

In most cases, WordPress is installed using a LAMP or LEMP stack (i.e. using either Apache or Nginx as a web server). In this guide, we’ll set up WordPress with Caddy instead. Caddy is a new web server quickly gaining popularity for its wide array of unique features, like HTTP/2 support and automatic TLS encryption with Let’s Encrypt, a popular free certificate provider.

In this tutorial, you will install and configure WordPress backed by Caddy.

Prerequisites

To follow this tutorial, you will need:

• One Ubuntu 16.04 server set up with this initial Ubuntu 16.04 server setup tutorial, including a sudo non-root user and a firewall.
• MySQL installed by following the How To Install MySQL on Ubuntu 16.04 tutorial.
• Caddy installed by following the How To Host a Website with Caddy on Ubuntu 16.04 tutorial, including a domain name configured to point to your Droplet.

Step 1 — Installing PHP

In order to run WordPress, you need a web server, a MySQL database, and the PHP scripting language. You already have the Caddy webserver and a MySQL database installed from the prerequisites, so the last requirement is to install PHP.

First, make sure your packages are up to date.

sudo apt-get update

Then, install PHP and the PHP extensions WordPress depends on, like support for MySQL, curl, XML, and multi-byte strings.

sudo apt-get install php7.0-fpm php7.0-mysql php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-mbstring php7.0-mcrypt php7.0-xml php7.0-xmlrpc

Once the installation finishes, you can verify that PHP was installed correctly by checking the PHP’s version.

php -v

You’ll see output similar to this, which displays PHP’s version number.

PHP version output
PHP 7.0.18-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 (cli) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2017 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.0.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2017 Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v7.0.18-0ubuntu0.16.04.1, Copyright (c) 1999-2017, by Zend Technologies

All of WordPress’ dependencies are installed, so next, we’ll configure a MySQL database for WordPress to use.

Step 2 — Creating a MySQL Database and Dedicated User

WordPress uses a MySQL database to store all of its information. In a default MySQL installation, only a root administrative account is created. This account shouldn’t be be used because its unlimited privileges to the database server are a security risk. Here, we will create a dedicated MySQL user for WordPress to use and a database that the new user will be allowed to access.

First, log in to the MySQL root administrative account.

mysql -u root -p

You will be prompted for the password you set for the MySQL root account during installation.

Create a new database called wordpress which will be used for the WordPress website. You can use a different name, but make sure you remember it for additional configuration later.

CREATE DATABASE wordpress DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

Next, create a new user that will be allowed to access this database. Here, we use the username wordpressuser for simplicity, but you can choose your own name. Remember to replace password with a strong and secure password.

GRANT ALL ON wordpress.* TO 'wordpressuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

Flush privileges to notify the MySQL server of the changes.

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

You can now safely exit MySQL.

EXIT;

WordPress has a dedicated database and user account, so all the system components are set up. The next step is to install WordPress itself.

Step 3 — Downloading WordPress

Installing WordPress involves downloading the latest release into the web root directory and making sure it’s accessible by the web server, then finishing the installation via WordPress’ graphical interface. In this step, we’ll just download the release, because we’ll need to configure the web server before we can access the GUI.

First, change the current directory to /var/www, the web root which stores your website files.

cd /var/www

Download the latest compressed WordPress release. It’s important to use the latest release because the software is frequently updated with security patches.

sudo curl -O https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz

Extract the compressed archive you just downloaded.

sudo tar zxf latest.tar.gz

This will automatically create a new directory called wordpress. You can now safely remove the downloaded archive, as it’s no longer needed.

sudo rm latest.tar.gz

The last step is to change the permissions of WordPress files and directories so that all files are writable by Caddy. This will allow WordPress to be automatically updated to newer versions.

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data wordpress

Next, you need to modify the web server’s configuration to serve your website.

Step 4 — Configuring Caddy to Serve the WordPress Website

Here, we will modify the Caddyfile configuration file to tell Caddy where our WordPress installation is located and under which domain name should it be published to the visitors.

Open the configuration file using nano or your favorite text editor.

sudo nano /etc/caddy/Caddyfile

Copy and paste the following configuration into the file. You can remove any example configuration from previous tutorials.

example.com {
    tls admin@example.com
    root /var/www/wordpress
    gzip
    fastcgi / /run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock php
    rewrite {
        if {path} not_match ^\/wp-admin
        to {path} {path}/ /index.php?_url={uri}
    }
}

This Caddyfile is structured as follows:

• The example.com in the first line is the domain name under which the site will be available. Replace it with your own domain name.
• The admin@example.com after the tls directive tells Caddy the e-mail address it should use to request the Let’s Encrypt certificate. If you’ll ever need to recover the certificate, Let’s Encrypt will use this e-mail address in the recovery process.
• The root directive tells Caddy where the website files are located. In this example, it’s /var/www/wordpress.
• The gzip directive tells Caddy to use Gzip compression to make the website faster.
• The fastcgi directive configures the PHP handler to support files with a php extension
• Using rewrite directive enables pretty URLs (called pretty permalinks in WordPress). This configuration is automatically provided by WordPress in the .htaccess file if you use Apache, but needs to be configured for Caddy separately.

After changing the configuration file accordingly, save the file and exit.

Restart Caddy to put the new configuration file settings into effect.

sudo systemctl restart caddy

When Caddy starts, it will automatically obtain an SSL certificate from Let’s Encrypt to serve your site securely using TLS encryption. You can now access your Caddy-hosted WordPress website by navigating to your domain using your web browser. When you do so, you will notice the green lock sign in the address bar meaning the site is being displayed over a secure connection.

You have now installed and configured Caddy and all necessary software to host a WordPress website. The last step is to finish WordPress’ configuration using its graphical interface.

Step 5 — Configuring WordPress

WordPress has a GUI installation wizard to finish its setup, including connecting to the database and setting up your first website.

When you visit your new WordPress instance in your browser for the first time, you’ll see a list of languages. Choose the language you would like to use. On the next screen, it describe the information it needs about your database. Click Let’s go!, and the next page will ask for database connection details. Fill in this form as follows:

• Database Name should be wordpress, unless you customized it in Step 2.
• Username should be wordpressuser, unless you customized it in Step 2.
• Password should be the password you set for wordpressuser in Step 2.
• Database Host and Table Prefix should be left to their default values.

When you click Submit, WordPress will check if the provided details are correct. If you receive an error message, double check that you entered your database details correctly.

Once WordPress successfully connects to your database, you’ll see a message which begins with All right, sparky! You’ve made it through this part of the installation. WordPress can now communicate with your database.

Now you can click Run the install to begin the installation. After a short time, WordPress will present you with a final screen asking for your website details, such as the website title, the administrator account username, password, and e-mail address. The strong password will be auto-generated for you, but you can choose your own if you’d like.

After clicking Install WordPress, you will be directed to the WordPress dashboard. You have now finished the WordPress installation, and you can use WordPress freely to customize your website and write posts and pages.

Conclusion

You now have a working WordPress installation served using the Caddy web server. Caddy will automatically obtain SSL certificates from Let’s Encrypt, serve your site over a secure connection, and use HTTP/2 and Gzip compression to serve the website faster. You can read more about Caddy’s unique features and configuration directives for the Caddyfile in the official Caddy documentation.

If you want to use plugins with your new WordPress instance, note that some plugins rely on the Apache web server’s .htaccess files. Web servers other than Apache have become common with WordPress, so not many of these .htaccess-dependent plugins exist. However, the few that do exist won’t work out of the box with Caddy because it doesn’t use .htaccess. This is a good thing to keep in mind if you run into issues with WordPress plugins when using Caddy.

Most plugins that rely on .htaccess are caching plugins (for example, W3 Total Cache) which use .htaccess to circumvent PHP entirely for processing. Another example is Wordfence, which is a web application firewall module that uses .htaccess by default, but it properly supports different configuration models.

to {path} {path}/ /index.php?_url={uri}

to {path} {path}/ /index.php?{query}

CREATE USER 'wordpressuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password!';

GRANT GRANT OPTION ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost';