How To Move a MySQL Data Directory to a New Location on Ubuntu 20.04

Introduction

Databases grow over time, sometimes outgrowing the space on the file system. You can also run into input/output (I/O) contention when they’re located on the same partition as the rest of the operating system. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID), network block storage, and other devices, can offer redundancy and other desirable features. Whether you’re adding more space, evaluating ways to optimize performance, or wanting to take advantage of other storage features, this tutorial will guide you through relocating MySQL’s data directory.

Prerequisites

To complete this guide, you will need:

• An Ubuntu 20.04 server with a non-root user with sudo privileges and a firewall enabled. You can learn more about how to set up a user with these privileges in our Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 20.04 guide.

• A MySQL server. If you haven’t already installed MySQL, check out our guide on How To Install MySQL on Ubuntu 20.04.

In this tutorial, we’re moving the data to a block storage device mounted at /mnt/volume-nyc1-01. You can learn how to set one up in the following documentation on Block Storage Volumes on DigitalOcean.

No matter what underlying storage you use, this guide can help you move the data directory to a new location.

Step 1 — Moving the MySQL Data Directory

To prepare for moving MySQL’s data directory, let’s verify the current location by starting an interactive MySQL session using the administrative credentials. Run the following command to open the MySQL server prompt:

sudo mysql

mysql -u root -p

When prompted, supply the MySQL user password. Then from the MySQL prompt, run the following SELECT statement. This will return this MySQL instance’s active data directory, which is always recorded in MySQL’s datadir variable::

SELECT @@datadir;

Output
+-----------------+
| @@datadir       |
+-----------------+
| /var/lib/mysql/ |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

This output confirms that MySQL is configured to use the default data directory, /var/lib/mysql/, so that’s the directory you need to move. Once you’ve confirmed this, write exit to leave the monitor and return to your command prompt:

exit

Output
Bye

To ensure the integrity of the data, shut down MySQL before making changes to the data directory:

sudo systemctl stop mysql

Note that systemctl doesn’t display the outcome of all service management commands, so if you want to check if you’ve succeeded, use the following command:

sudo systemctl status mysql

You can confirm it’s shut down if the Active line in the output states it’s inactive (dead) as highlighted in the following example:

Output
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset:>
     Active: inactive (dead) since Wed 2022-03-23 19:03:49 UTC; 5s ago
    Process: 3415 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 3415 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
     Status: "Server shutdown complete"

Now that the server is shut down, you can copy the existing database directory, /var/lib/mysql, to the new location, /mnt/volume-nyc1-01, with rsync. Using the -a flag preserves the permissions and other directory properties, while-v provides verbose output so you can follow the progress:

sudo rsync -av /var/lib/mysql /mnt/volume-nyc1-01

Once the rsync command is complete, rename the current folder with a .bak extension and keep it until you’ve confirmed the move was successful. By renaming it, you’ll avoid confusion that could arise from files in both the new and the old location:

sudo mv /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql.bak

Now you’re ready to proceed with the next step and begin configuration.

Step 2 — Pointing to the New Data Location

MySQL has several ways to override configuration values. By default, the datadir is set to /var/lib/mysql in the /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf file. Edit this file in your preferred text editor to reflect the new data directory. Here we’ll use nano:

sudo nano /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf

Find the line that begins with datadir=. Uncomment the line by deleting the pound sign (#) and change the path to reflect the new location. In this case, the updated file contents will be as follows:

. . .
datadir=/mnt/volume-nyc1-01/mysql
. . .

Once you’ve made this update, save and exit the file. If you’re using nano, you can do this by pressing CTRL + X, then Y, and ENTER. Now it’s almost time to bring up MySQL again, but before that, there’s one more thing to configure in order to be successful.

Step 3 — Configuring AppArmor Access Control Rules

In this step, you need to tell AppArmor to let MySQL write to the new directory by creating an alias between the default directory and the new location. AppArmor is a security module in the Linux kernel that allows system administrators to restrict program capabilities through program profiles, rather than users themselves. Start by opening up and editing the AppArmor alias file:

sudo nano /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/alias

At the bottom of the file, uncomment the following line and add the alias rule:

. . .
alias /var/lib/mysql/ -> /mnt/volume-nyc1-01/mysql/,
. . .

When you’re finished, save and exit the file.

For the changes to take effect, restart AppArmor:

sudo systemctl restart apparmor

Output
Job for mysql.service failed because the control process 
exited with error code. See "systemctl status mysql.service" 
and "journalctl -xe" for details.

Once you’ve properly configured AppArmor, you can move on to the next step.

Step 4 — Restarting MySQL

Now it’s time to start MySQL. If you do, however, you’ll run into another error. Instead of an AppArmor issue, this error is caused by mysql-systemd-start, a script that supports managing MySQL through systemd. You can inspect this script with the following command:

nano /usr/share/mysql/mysql-systemd-start

This script checks for the existence of either a directory, -d, or a symbolic link, -L, that matches the default data directory path. If it doesn’t find either of these, the script will trigger an error and prevent MySQL from starting:

. . .
if [ ! -d /var/lib/mysql ] && [ ! -L /var/lib/mysql ]; then
 echo "MySQL data dir not found at /var/lib/mysql. Please create one."
 exit 1
fi

if [ ! -d /var/lib/mysql/mysql ] && [ ! -L /var/lib/mysql/mysql ]; then
 echo "MySQL system database not found. Please run mysql_install_db tool."
 exit 1
fi

. . .

After you’ve inspected this file, close it without making any changes.

Since you need either an appropriate directory or symbolic link to start the server, you must create the minimal directory structure to pass the script’s environment check:

sudo mkdir /var/lib/mysql/mysql -p

Now you’re ready to start MySQL:

sudo systemctl start mysql

Confirm MySQL is running by checking the status:

sudo systemctl status mysql

Output
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset:>
     Active: active (running) since Wed 2022-03-23 20:51:18 UTC; 4s ago
    Process: 17145 ExecStartPre=/usr/share/mysql/mysql-systemd-start pre (code=>
   Main PID: 17162 (mysqld)
     Status: "Server is operational"
      Tasks: 38 (limit: 1132)
     Memory: 376.7M
     CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
             └─17162 /usr/sbin/mysqld

To ensure that the new data directory is indeed in use, start the MySQL monitor:

mysql -u sammy -p

Now query for the value of the data directory again:

SELECT @@datadir;

Output
+----------------------------+
| @@datadir                  |
+----------------------------+
| /mnt/volume-nyc1-01/mysql/ |
+----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

After you’ve restarted MySQL and confirmed that it’s using the new location, take the opportunity to ensure that your database is fully functional. Once you’ve finished, exit the database as in the following and return to the command prompt:

exit

Output
Bye

Now that you’ve verified the integrity of any existing data, you can remove the backup data directory:

sudo rm -Rf /var/lib/mysql.bak

Then restart MySQL one final time:

sudo systemctl restart mysql

And finally, confirm it’s working as expected by checking the status:

sudo systemctl status mysql

Output
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset:>
     Active: active (running) since Wed 2022-03-23 20:53:03 UTC; 4s ago
    Process: 17215 ExecStartPre=/usr/share/mysql/mysql-systemd-start pre (code=>
   Main PID: 17234 (mysqld)
     Status: "Server is operational"
      Tasks: 38 (limit: 1132)
     Memory: 368.9M
     CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
             └─17234 /usr/sbin/mysqld

If the Active line states active(running) this confirms that MySQL is working.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you learned how to move MySQL’s data directory to a new location and update Ubuntu’s AppArmor access control lists to accommodate the adjustment. Although we were using a block storage device, the instructions here should be suitable for redefining the location of the data directory regardless of the underlying technology.

For more information on managing MySQL’s data directories, check out the following sections in the official MySQL documentation:

• The MySQL Data Directory
• Setting Up Multiple Data Directories