How To Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu

Introduction

Let’s Encrypt is a Certificate Authority (CA) that facilitates obtaining and installing free TLS/SSL certificates, thereby enabling encrypted HTTPS on web servers. It streamlines the process by providing a software client, Certbot, that attempts to automate most (if not all) of the required steps. Currently, the entire process of obtaining and installing a certificate is fully automated on both Apache and Nginx.

In this guide, you’ll use Certbot to obtain a free SSL certificate for Apache on Ubuntu and make sure this certificate is set up to renew automatically.

This tutorial uses a separate virtual host file instead of Apache’s default configuration file for setting up the website that will be secured by Let’s Encrypt. We recommend creating new Apache virtual host files for each domain hosted in a server because it helps to avoid common mistakes and maintains the default configuration files as a fallback setup.

How To Secure Apache with Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu

1. Installing Certbot
2. Checking your Apache Virtual Host Configuration
3. Allowing HTTPS Through the Firewall
4. Obtaining an SSL Certificate
5. Verifying Certbot Auto-Renewal

Prerequisites

To follow this tutorial, you will need:

• One Ubuntu server set up with a non-root user with sudo administrative privileges and firewall enabled. You can set this up by following our initial server setup for Ubuntu tutorial.

• A fully registered domain name. This tutorial will use your_domain as an example throughout. You can purchase a domain name on Namecheap, get one for free on Freenom, or use the domain registrar of your choice.

• Both of the following DNS records set up for your server. You can follow this introduction to DigitalOcean DNS for details on how to add them.

  • An A record with your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address.
  • An A record with www.your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address.

• Apache installed by following How To Install Apache on Ubuntu. Be sure that you have a virtual host file for your domain. This tutorial will use /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf as an example.

Step 1 — Installing Certbot

To obtain an SSL certificate with Let’s Encrypt, you need to install the Certbot software on your server. You’ll use the default Ubuntu package repositories for that.

First, update the local package index:

sudo apt update

You need two packages: certbot, and python3-certbot-apache. The latter is a plugin that integrates Certbot with Apache, making it possible to automate obtaining a certificate and configuring HTTPS within your web server with a single command:

sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache

You will be prompted to confirm the installation by pressing Y, then ENTER.

Certbot is now installed on your server. In the next step, you’ll verify Apache’s configuration to make sure your virtual host is set appropriately. This will ensure that the certbot client script will be able to detect your domains and reconfigure your web server to use your newly generated SSL certificate automatically.

Step 2 — Checking your Apache Virtual Host Configuration

To automatically obtain and configure SSL for your web server, Certbot needs to find the correct virtual host within your Apache configuration files. Your server domain name(s) will be retrieved from the ServerName and ServerAlias directives defined within your VirtualHost configuration block.

If you followed the virtual host setup step in the Apache installation tutorial, you should have a VirtualHost block set up for your domain at /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf with the ServerName and also the ServerAlias directives already set appropriately.

To confirm this is set up, open the virtual host file for your domain using nano or your preferred text editor:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf

Find the existing ServerName and ServerAlias lines. They should be listed as follows:

...
ServerName your_domain
ServerAlias www.your_domain
...

If you already have your ServerName and ServerAlias set up like this, you can exit your text editor and move on to the next step. If your current virtual host configuration doesn’t match the example, update it accordingly. If you’re using nano, you can exit by pressing CTRL+X, then Y and ENTER to confirm your changes, if any. Then, run the following command to validate your changes:

sudo apache2ctl configtest

You should receive Syntax OK as a response. If you get an error, reopen the virtual host file and check for any typos or missing characters. Once your configuration file’s syntax is correct, reload Apache so that the changes take effect:

sudo systemctl reload apache2

With these changes, Certbot will be able to find the correct VirtualHost block and update it.

Next, you’ll update the firewall to allow HTTPS traffic.

Step 3 — Allowing HTTPS Through the Firewall

If you have the UFW firewall enabled, as recommended by the prerequisite guides, you’ll need to adjust the settings to allow HTTPS traffic. Upon installation, Apache registers a few different UFW application profiles. You can leverage the Apache Full profile to allow both HTTP and HTTPS traffic on your server.

To verify what kind of traffic is currently allowed on your server, check the status:

sudo ufw status

If you followed one of our Apache installation guides, you will have output similar to the following, meaning that only HTTP traffic on port 80 is currently allowed:

Output
Status: active

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
OpenSSH                    ALLOW       Anywhere                  
Apache                     ALLOW       Anywhere             
OpenSSH (v6)               ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)             
Apache (v6)                ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)

To allow for HTTPS traffic, allow the “Apache Full” profile:

sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'

Then delete the redundant “Apache” profile:

sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache'

Your status will display as the following:

sudo ufw status

Output
Status: active

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
OpenSSH                    ALLOW       Anywhere                  
Apache Full                ALLOW       Anywhere                  
OpenSSH (v6)               ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)             
Apache Full (v6)           ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)        

You are now ready to run Certbot and obtain your certificates.

Step 4 — Obtaining an SSL Certificate

Certbot provides a variety of ways to obtain SSL certificates through plugins. The Apache plugin will take care of reconfiguring Apache and reloading the configuration whenever necessary. To use this plugin, run the following:

sudo certbot --apache

This script will prompt you to answer a series of questions in order to configure your SSL certificate. First, it will ask you for a valid email address. This email will be used for renewal notifications and security notices:

Output
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Enter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices)
 (Enter 'c' to cancel): you@your_domain

After providing a valid email address, press ENTER to proceed to the next step. You will then be prompted to confirm if you agree to Let’s Encrypt terms of service. You can confirm by pressing Y and then ENTER:

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Please read the Terms of Service at
https://letsencrypt.org/documents/LE-SA-v1.2-November-15-2017.pdf. You must
agree in order to register with the ACME server at
https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(Y)es/(N)o: Y

Next, you’ll be asked if you would like to share your email with the Electronic Frontier Foundation to receive news and other information. If you do not want to subscribe to their content, write N. Otherwise, write Y then press ENTER to proceed to the next step:

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Would you be willing to share your email address with the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, a founding partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profit
organization that develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about our work
encrypting the web, EFF news, campaigns, and ways to support digital freedom.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(Y)es/(N)o: N

The next step will prompt you to inform Certbot of which domains you’d like to activate HTTPS for. The listed domain names are automatically obtained from your Apache virtual host configuration, so it’s important to make sure you have the correct ServerName and ServerAlias settings configured in your virtual host. If you’d like to enable HTTPS for all listed domain names (recommended), you can leave the prompt blank and press ENTER to proceed. Otherwise, select the domains you want to enable HTTPS for by listing each appropriate number, separated by commas and/ or spaces, then press ENTER:

Which names would you like to activate HTTPS for?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1: your_domain
2: www.your_domain
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Select the appropriate numbers separated by commas and/or spaces, or leave input
blank to select all options shown (Enter 'c' to cancel): 

After this step, Certbot’s configuration is finished, and you will be presented with the final remarks about your new certificate and where to locate the generated files:

Output
Successfully received certificate.
Certificate is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/fullchain.pem
Key is saved at:         /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/privkey.pem
This certificate expires on 2022-07-10.
These files will be updated when the certificate renews.
Certbot has set up a scheduled task to automatically renew this certificate in the background.

Deploying certificate
Successfully deployed certificate for your_domain to /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain-le-ssl.conf
Successfully deployed certificate for www.your_domain.com to /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain-le-ssl.conf
Congratulations! You have successfully enabled HTTPS on https:/your_domain and https://www.your_domain.com

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
 * Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
 * Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Your certificate is now installed and loaded into Apache’s configuration. Try reloading your website using https:// and notice your browser’s security indicator. It should indicate that your site is properly secured, typically by a lock icon in the address bar.

You can use the SSL Labs Server Test to verify your certificate’s grade and obtain detailed information about it, from the perspective of an external service.

In the next and final step, you’ll test the auto-renewal feature of Certbot, which guarantees that your certificate will be renewed automatically before the expiration date.

Step 5 — Verifying Certbot Auto-Renewal

Let’s Encrypt’s certificates are only valid for ninety days. This is to encourage users to automate their certificate renewal process, as well as to ensure that misused certificates or stolen keys will expire sooner rather than later.

The certbot package you installed takes care of renewals by including a renew script to /etc/cron.d, which is managed by a systemctl service called certbot.timer. This script runs twice a day and will automatically renew any certificate that’s within thirty days of expiration.

To check the status of this service and make sure it’s active, run the following:

sudo systemctl status certbot.timer

Your output will be similar to the following:

Output
● certbot.timer - Run certbot twice daily
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/certbot.timer; enabled; vendor preset:>
     Active: active (waiting) since Mon 2022-04-11 20:52:46 UTC; 4min 3s ago
    Trigger: Tue 2022-04-12 00:56:55 UTC; 4h 0min left
   Triggers: ● certbot.service

Apr 11 20:52:46 jammy-encrypt systemd[1]: Started Run certbot twice daily.

To test the renewal process, you can do a dry run with certbot:

sudo certbot renew --dry-run

Output
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/your_domain.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Account registered.
Simulating renewal of an existing certificate for your_domain and www.your_domain.com

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Congratulations, all simulated renewals succeeded:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/fullchain.pem (success)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

If you don’t receive any errors, you’re all set. When necessary, Certbot will renew your certificates and reload Apache to pick up the changes. If the automated renewal process ever fails, Let’s Encrypt will send a message to the email you specified, warning you when your certificate is about to expire.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you installed the Let’s Encrypt client certbot, configured and installed an SSL certificate for your domain, and confirmed that Certbot’s automatic renewal service is active within systemctl. If you have further questions about using Certbot, their documentation is a good place to start.

# certbot --apache
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
An unexpected error occurred:
RuntimeError: ('Error during match procedure!', "/files/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/* [label()=~regexp('(?=(?P<g0>.*?\\.))(?P=g0).*')]//*[self::directive=~regexp('([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee])|([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee])|([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee][Oo][Pp][Tt][Ii][Oo][Nn][Aa][Ll])')]")
Ask for help or search for solutions at https://community.letsencrypt.org. See the logfile /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log or re-run Certbot with -v for more details.


# cat /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log 
2023-04-16 16:12:31,717:DEBUG:certbot._internal.main:certbot version: 1.21.0
2023-04-16 16:12:31,717:DEBUG:certbot._internal.main:Location of certbot entry point: /usr/bin/certbot
2023-04-16 16:12:31,717:DEBUG:certbot._internal.main:Arguments: ['--apache']
2023-04-16 16:12:31,718:DEBUG:certbot._internal.main:Discovered plugins: PluginsRegistry(PluginEntryPoint#apache,PluginEntryPoint#manual,PluginEntryPoint#null,PluginEntryPoint#standalone,PluginEntryPoint#webroot)
2023-04-16 16:12:31,728:DEBUG:certbot._internal.log:Root logging level set at 30
2023-04-16 16:12:31,728:DEBUG:certbot._internal.plugins.selection:Requested authenticator apache and installer apache
2023-04-16 16:12:31,787:DEBUG:certbot_apache._internal.configurator:Apache version is 2.4.52
2023-04-16 16:12:31,884:DEBUG:certbot._internal.log:Exiting abnormally:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/bin/certbot", line 33, in <module>
    sys.exit(load_entry_point('certbot==1.21.0', 'console_scripts', 'certbot')())
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/main.py", line 15, in main
    return internal_main.main(cli_args)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/main.py", line 1574, in main
    return config.func(config, plugins)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/main.py", line 1270, in run
    installer, authenticator = plug_sel.choose_configurator_plugins(config, plugins, "run")
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/plugins/selection.py", line 216, in choose_configurator_plugins
    authenticator = installer = pick_configurator(config, req_inst, plugins)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/plugins/selection.py", line 22, in pick_configurator
    return pick_plugin(
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/plugins/selection.py", line 106, in pick_plugin
    verified.prepare()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/plugins/disco.py", line 297, in prepare
    return [plugin_ep.prepare() for plugin_ep in self._plugins.values()]
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/plugins/disco.py", line 297, in <listcomp>
    return [plugin_ep.prepare() for plugin_ep in self._plugins.values()]
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/_internal/plugins/disco.py", line 151, in prepare
    self._initialized.prepare()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/configurator.py", line 360, in prepare
    self.parser = self.get_parser()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/configurator.py", line 466, in get_parser
    return parser.ApacheParser(
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/parser.py", line 67, in __init__
    self.update_runtime_variables()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/parser.py", line 279, in update_runtime_variables
    self.update_includes()
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/parser.py", line 293, in update_includes
    _ = self.find_dir("Include")
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/parser.py", line 552, in find_dir
    ordered_matches.extend(self.find_dir(
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot_apache/_internal/parser.py", line 534, in find_dir
    matches = self.aug.match(
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/augeas.py", line 415, in match
    raise RuntimeError("Error during match procedure!", path)
RuntimeError: ('Error during match procedure!', "/files/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/* [label()=~regexp('(?=(?P<g0>.*?\\.))(?P=g0).*')]//*[self::directive=~regexp('([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee])|([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee])|([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee][Oo][Pp][Tt][Ii][Oo][Nn][Aa][Ll])')]")
2023-04-16 16:12:31,886:ERROR:certbot._internal.log:An unexpected error occurred:
2023-04-16 16:12:31,886:ERROR:certbot._internal.log:RuntimeError: ('Error during match procedure!', "/files/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/* [label()=~regexp('(?=(?P<g0>.*?\\.))(?P=g0).*')]//*[self::directive=~regexp('([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee])|([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee])|([Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee][Oo][Pp][Tt][Ii][Oo][Nn][Aa][Ll])')]")