How to Set Up an IKEv2 VPN Server with StrongSwan on Ubuntu 22.04

Introduction

A virtual private network, or VPN, allows you to securely encrypt traffic as it travels through untrusted networks, such as those at the coffee shop, a conference, or an airport.

Internet Key Exchange v2, or IKEv2, is a protocol that allows for direct IPSec tunneling between the server and client. In IKEv2 VPN implementations, IPSec provides encryption for the network traffic. IKEv2 is natively supported on some platforms (OS X 10.11+, iOS 9.1+, and Windows 10) with no additional applications necessary, and it handles client hiccups quite smoothly.

In this tutorial, you will set up an IKEv2 VPN server using StrongSwan on an Ubuntu 22.04 server. You’ll then learn how to connect to it with Windows, macOS, Ubuntu, iOS, and Android clients.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you will need:

• One Ubuntu 22.04 server configured by following the Ubuntu 22.04 initial server setup guide, including a sudo non-root user and a firewall.

Step 1 — Installing StrongSwan

First, you’ll install StrongSwan, an open-source IPSec daemon which you will configure as your VPN server. You will also install the public key infrastructure (PKI) component so that you can create a Certificate Authority (CA) to provide credentials for your infrastructure.

Start by updating the local package cache:

sudo apt update

Then install the software by typing:

sudo apt install strongswan strongswan-pki libcharon-extra-plugins libcharon-extauth-plugins libstrongswan-extra-plugins

The additional libcharon-extauth-plugins package is used to ensure that various clients can authenticate to your server using a shared username and passphrase. The libstrongswan-extra-plugins package is included so that Strongswan supports elliptic curve cipher suites that use the Curve25519 cryptography suite.

Now that everything’s installed, move on to creating your certificates.

Step 2 — Creating a Certificate Authority

An IKEv2 server requires a certificate to identify itself to clients. To help create the required certificate, the strongswan-pki package comes with a utility called pki to generate a Certificate Authority and server certificates.

To begin, create a few directories to store all the assets that you will be working on. The directory structure matches some of the directories in /etc/ipsec.d, where you will eventually move all of the items you create:

mkdir -p ~/pki/{cacerts,certs,private}

Then lock down the permissions so that our private files can’t be seen by other users:

chmod 700 ~/pki

Now that you have a directory structure to store everything, you can generate a root key. This will be a 4096-bit RSA key that will be used to sign your root Certificate Authority certificate.

Execute these commands to generate the key:

pki --gen --type rsa --size 4096 --outform pem > ~/pki/private/ca-key.pem

Following that you can move on to creating your root Certificate Authority, using the key that you just generated to sign the root certificate:

pki --self --ca --lifetime 3650 --in ~/pki/private/ca-key.pem \
    --type rsa --dn "CN=VPN root CA" --outform pem > ~/pki/cacerts/ca-cert.pem

The --lifetime 3650 flag is used to ensure that the certificate authority’s root certificate will be valid for 10 years. The root certificate for an authority does not change typically, since it would have to be redistributed to every server and client that rely on it, so 10 years is a safe default expiry value.

You can change the distinguished name (DN) value to something else if you would like. The common name (CN field) here is just the indicator, so it doesn’t have to match anything in your infrastructure.

Now that you have your root Certificate Authority up and running, you can create a certificate that the VPN server will use.

Step 3 — Generating a Certificate for the VPN Server

You’ll now create a certificate and key for the VPN server. This certificate will allow the client to verify the server’s authenticity using the CA certificate we just generated.

First, create a private key for the VPN server with the following command:

pki --gen --type rsa --size 4096 --outform pem > ~/pki/private/server-key.pem

Now, create and sign the VPN server certificate with the certificate authority’s key you created in the previous step. Execute the following command, but change the Common Name (CN) and the Subject Alternate Name (SAN) field to your VPN server’s DNS name or IP address:

pki --pub --in ~/pki/private/server-key.pem --type rsa \
    | pki --issue --lifetime 1825 \
        --cacert ~/pki/cacerts/ca-cert.pem \
        --cakey ~/pki/private/ca-key.pem \
        --dn "CN=server_domain_or_IP" --san server_domain_or_IP \
        --flag serverAuth --flag ikeIntermediate --outform pem \
    >  ~/pki/certs/server-cert.pem

--dn "CN=IP address" --san @IP_address --san IP_address \

The --flag serverAuth option is used to indicate that the certificate will be used explicitly for server authentication, before the encrypted tunnel is established. The --flag ikeIntermediate option is used to support older macOS clients.

Now that you’ve generated all of the TLS/SSL files StrongSwan needs, you can move the files into place in the /etc/ipsec.d directory by typing:

sudo cp -r ~/pki/* /etc/ipsec.d/

In this step, you’ve created a certificate pair that will be used to secure communications between the client and the server. You also signed the certificates with the CA key, so the client will be able to verify the authenticity of the VPN server using the CA certificate. With all of these certificates ready, you are ready move on to configuring SrongSwan.

Step 4 — Configuring StrongSwan

StrongSwan has a default configuration file with some examples, but we will have to do most of the configuration ourselves. Let’s back up the file for reference before starting from scratch:

sudo mv /etc/ipsec.conf{,.original}

Create and open a new blank configuration file using your preferred text editor. Here, you’ll use nano:

sudo nano /etc/ipsec.conf

First, we’ll tell StrongSwan to log daemon statuses for debugging and allow duplicate connections. Add these lines to the file:

config setup
    charondebug="ike 1, knl 1, cfg 0"
    uniqueids=no

Then, we’ll create a configuration section for our VPN. We’ll also tell StrongSwan to create IKEv2 VPN Tunnels and to automatically load this configuration section when it starts up. Append the following lines to the file:

. . .
conn ikev2-vpn
    auto=add
    compress=no
    type=tunnel
    keyexchange=ikev2
    fragmentation=yes
    forceencaps=yes

We’ll also configure dead-peer detection to clear any “dangling” connections in case the client unexpectedly disconnects. Add these lines:

. . .
conn ikev2-vpn
    . . .
    dpdaction=clear
    dpddelay=300s
    rekey=no

Next, we’ll configure the server’s “left” side IPSec parameters. Each of the following parameters ensures that the server is configured to accept connections from clients and to identify itself correctly. You’ll add each of these settings to the /etc/ipsec.conf file once you are familiar with what they are and why they are used:

• left=%any The %any value ensures that the server will use the network interface where it receives incoming connections for subsequent communication with clients. For example, if you are connecting a client over a private network, the server will use the private IP address where it receives traffic for the rest of the connection.
• leftid=@server_domain_or_IP This option controls the name that the server presents to clients. When combined with the next option leftcert, the leftid option ensures that the server’s configured name and the Distinguished Name (DN) that is contained in the public certificate match.
• leftcert=server-cert.pem This option is the path to the public certificate for the server that you configured in Step 3. Without it, the server will not be able to authenticate itself with clients, or finish negotiating the IKEv2 set up.
• leftsendcert=always The always value ensures that any client that connects to the server will always receive a copy of the server’s public certificate as part of the initial connection set up.
• leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0 The last “left” side option that you will add tells clients about the subnets that are reachable behind the server. In this case, 0.0.0.0/0 is used to represent the entire set of IPv4 addresses, meaning that the server will tell clients to send all their traffic over the VPN by default.

Now that you are familiar with each of the relevant “left” side options, add them all to the file like this:

. . .
conn ikev2-vpn
    . . .
    left=%any
    leftid=@server_domain_or_IP
    leftcert=server-cert.pem
    leftsendcert=always
    leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0

    . . .    leftid=@vpn.example.com
    . . .

    . . .
    leftid=your_server_ip
    . . .

Next, we can configure the client’s “right” side IPSec parameters. Each of the following parameters tells the server how to accept connections from clients, how clients should authenticate to the server, and the private IP address ranges and DNS servers that clients will use. Add each of these settings to the /etc/ipsec.conf file once you are familiar with what they are and why they are used:

• right=%any The %any option for the right side of the connection instructs the server to accept incoming connections from any remote client.
• rightid=%any This option ensures that the server will not reject connections from clients that provide an identity before the encrypted tunnel is established.
• rightauth=eap-mschapv2 This option configures the authentication method that clients will use to authenticate to the server. eap-mschapv2 is used here for broad compatibility to support clients like Windows, macOS, and Android devices.
• rightsourceip=10.10.10.0/24 This option instructs the server to assign private IP addresses to clients from the specified 10.10.10.0/24 pool of IPs.
• rightdns=8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4 These IP addresses are Google’s public DNS resolvers. They can be changed to use other public resolvers, the VPN server’s resolvers, or any other resolver that clients can reach.
• rightsendcert=never This option instructs the server that clients do not need to send a certificate to authenticate themselves.

Now that you are familiar with the required “right” side options for the VPN, add the following lines to /etc/ipsec.conf:

. . .
conn ikev2-vpn
    . . .
    right=%any
    rightid=%any
    rightauth=eap-mschapv2
    rightsourceip=10.10.10.0/24
    rightdns=8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4
    rightsendcert=never

Now we’ll tell StrongSwan to ask the client for user credentials when they connect:

. . .
conn ikev2-vpn
    . . .
    eap_identity=%identity

Finally, add the following lines to support Linux, Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android clients. These lines specify the various key exchange, hashing, authentication, and encryption algorithms (commonly referred to as Cipher Suites) that StrongSwan will allow different clients to use:

. . .
conn ikev2-vpn
    . . .
    ike=chacha20poly1305-sha512-curve25519-prfsha512,aes256gcm16-sha384-prfsha384-ecp384,aes256-sha1-modp1024,aes128-sha1-modp1024,3des-sha1-modp1024!
    esp=chacha20poly1305-sha512,aes256gcm16-ecp384,aes256-sha256,aes256-sha1,3des-sha1!

Each supported cipher suite is delineated from the others by a comma. For example chacha20poly1305-sha512-curve25519-prfsha512 is one suite, and aes256gcm16-sha384-prfsha384-ecp384 is another. The cipher suites that are listed here are selected to ensure the widest range of compatibility across Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, and Linux clients.

The complete configuration file should look like this:

config setup
    charondebug="ike 1, knl 1, cfg 0"
    uniqueids=no

conn ikev2-vpn
    auto=add
    compress=no
    type=tunnel
    keyexchange=ikev2
    fragmentation=yes
    forceencaps=yes
    dpdaction=clear
    dpddelay=300s
    rekey=no
    left=%any
    leftid=@server_domain_or_IP
    leftcert=server-cert.pem
    leftsendcert=always
    leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
    right=%any
    rightid=%any
    rightauth=eap-mschapv2
    rightsourceip=10.10.10.0/24
    rightdns=8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4
    rightsendcert=never
    eap_identity=%identity
    ike=chacha20poly1305-sha512-curve25519-prfsha512,aes256gcm16-sha384-prfsha384-ecp384,aes256-sha1-modp1024,aes128-sha1-modp1024,3des-sha1-modp1024!
    esp=chacha20poly1305-sha512,aes256gcm16-ecp384,aes256-sha256,aes256-sha1,3des-sha1!

Save and close the file once you’ve verified that you’ve added each line correctly. If you used nano, do so by pressing CTRL + X, Y, then ENTER.

Now that you have configured the VPN parameters, you can move on to creating an account so that users can connect to the server.

Step 5 — Configuring VPN Authentication

Your VPN server is now configured to accept client connections, but there aren’t any credentials configured yet. You’ll need to configure a couple things in a special configuration file called ipsec.secrets:

• You need to tell StrongSwan where to find the private key for our server certificate, so the server will be able to authenticate to clients.
• You also need to set up a list of users that will be allowed to connect to the VPN.

Let’s open the secrets file for editing:

sudo nano /etc/ipsec.secrets

First, tell StrongSwan where to find the private key and how to parse it.

: RSA "server-key.pem"

Make sure that the line begins with the : character and that there is a space after it so that the entire line reads : RSA "server-key.pem".

Then, you’ll define the user credentials. You can make up any username or password combination that you like:

your_username : EAP "your_password"

Save and close the file. Now that you have finished working with the VPN parameters, restart the VPN service so that our configuration is applied:

sudo systemctl restart strongswan-starter

Now that the VPN server has been fully configured with both server options and user credentials, it’s time to move on to configuring the most important part: the firewall.

Step 6 — Configuring the Firewall & Kernel IP Forwarding

With the StrongSwan configuration complete, you need to configure the firewall to allow VPN traffic through and forward it.

If you followed the prerequisite initial server setup tutorial, you should have a UFW firewall enabled. If you don’t yet have UFW configured, you should start by adding a rule to allow SSH connections through the firewall so your current session doesn’t close when you enable UFW:

sudo ufw allow OpenSSH

Then enable the firewall by typing:

sudo ufw enable

Then, add a rule to allow UDP traffic to the standard IPSec ports, 500 and 4500:

sudo ufw allow 500,4500/udp

Next, you will open up one of UFW’s configuration files to add a few low-level policies for routing and forwarding IPSec packets. However, before doing this you need to find which network interface on our server is used for internet access. Find this interface by querying for the device associated with the default route:

ip route show default

Your public interface should follow the word “dev”. For example, this result shows the interface named eth0, which is highlighted in the following example:

Output
default via your_server_ip dev eth0 proto static

When you have your public network interface, open the /etc/ufw/before.rules file in your text editor. The rules in this file are added to the firewall before the rest of the usual input and output rules. They are used to configure network address translation (NAT) so that the server can correctly route connections to and from clients and the Internet.

sudo nano /etc/ufw/before.rules

Near the top of the file (before the *filter line), add the following configuration block. Change each instance of eth0 in the above configuration to match the interface name you found with ip route. The *nat lines create rules so that the firewall can correctly route and manipulate traffic between the VPN clients and the internet. The *mangle line adjusts the maximum packet segment size to prevent potential issues with certain VPN clients:

*nat
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.10.10.0/24 -o eth0 -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j ACCEPT
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.10.10.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT

*mangle
-A FORWARD --match policy --pol ipsec --dir in -s 10.10.10.0/24 -o eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -m tcpmss --mss 1361:1536 -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360
COMMIT

*filter
:ufw-before-input - [0:0]
:ufw-before-output - [0:0]
:ufw-before-forward - [0:0]
:ufw-not-local - [0:0]
. . .

Next, after the *filter and chain definition lines, add one more block of configuration:

. . .
*filter
:ufw-before-input - [0:0]
:ufw-before-output - [0:0]
:ufw-before-forward - [0:0]
:ufw-not-local - [0:0]

-A ufw-before-forward --match policy --pol ipsec --dir in --proto esp -s 10.10.10.0/24 -j ACCEPT
-A ufw-before-forward --match policy --pol ipsec --dir out --proto esp -d 10.10.10.0/24 -j ACCEPT

These lines tell the firewall to forward ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) traffic so the VPN clients will be able to connect. ESP provides additional security for our VPN packets as they’re traversing untrusted networks.

When you’re finished, ave and close the file once you’ve verified that you’ve added each line correctly. If you used nano, do so by pressing CTRL + X, Y, then ENTER.

Before restarting the firewall, you also need to change some network kernel parameters to allow routing from one interface to another. The file that controls these settings is called /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf. You’ll need to configure a few things in the file.

First IPv4 packet forwarding needs to be turned on so that traffic can move between the VPN and public facing network interfaces on the server. Next you’ll disable Path MTU discovery to prevent packet fragmentation problems. Finally we will not accept ICMP redirects nor send ICMP redirects to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.

Open UFW’s kernel parameters configuration file using nano or your preferred text editor:

sudo nano /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf

Now add the following net/ipv4/ip_forward=1 setting at the end of the file to enable forwarding packets between interfaces:

. . .
net/ipv4/ip_forward=1

Next block sending and receiving ICMP redirect packets by adding the following lines to the end of the file:

. . .
net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_redirects=0
net/ipv4/conf/all/send_redirects=0

Finally, turn off Path MTU discovery by adding this line to the end of the file:

. . .
net/ipv4/ip_no_pmtu_disc=1

Save the file when you are finished. Now you can enable all of your changes by disabling and re-enabling the firewall, since UFW applies these settings any time that it restarts:

sudo ufw disable
sudo ufw enable

You’ll be prompted to confirm the process. Type Y to enable UFW again with the new settings.

Step 7 — Testing the VPN Connection on Windows, macOS, Ubuntu, iOS, and Android

Now that you have everything set up, it’s time to try it out. First, you’ll need to copy the CA certificate you created and install it on your client device(s) that will connect to the VPN. The easiest way to do this is to log into your server and output the contents of the certificate file:

cat /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/ca-cert.pem

You’ll see output similar to this:

Output
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFNDCCAxygAwIBAgIIHCsidG5mXzgwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEMBQAwODELMAkGA1UE

. . .

H2YUdz8XNHrJHvMQKWFpi0rlEcMs+MSXPFWE3Q7UbaZJ/h8wpSldSUbQRUlphExJ
dJ4PX+MUJO/vjG1/ie6Kh25xbBAc3qNq8siiJZDwrg6vjEK7eiZ1rA==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Copy this output to your computer, including the -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- and -----END CERTIFICATE----- lines, and save it to a file with a recognizable name, such as ca-cert.pem. Ensure the file you create has the .pem extension.

Alternatively, use SFTP to transfer the file to your computer.

Once you have the ca-cert.pem file downloaded to your computer, you can set up the connection to the VPN.

Connecting from Windows

There are multiple ways to import the root certificate and configure Windows to connect to a VPN. The first method uses graphical tools for each step. The second method uses PowerShell commands, which can be scripted and modified to suit your VPN configuration.

Configuring Windows with Graphical Tools

First, import the root certificate by following these steps:

1. Press WINDOWS+R to bring up the Run dialog, and enter mmc.exe to launch the Windows Management Console.

2. From the File menu, navigate to Add or Remove Snap-in, select Certificates from the list of available snap-ins, and click Add.

3. We want the VPN to work with any user, so select Computer Account and click Next.

4. We’re configuring things on the local computer, so select Local Computer, then click Finish.

5. Under the Console Root node, expand the Certificates (Local Computer) entry, expand Trusted Root Certification Authorities, and then select the Certificates entry:

6. From the Action menu, select All Tasks and click Import to display the Certificate Import Wizard. Click Next to move past the introduction.

7. On the File to Import screen, press the Browse button, ensure that you change the file type from “X.509 Certificate (.cer;.crt)” to “All Files (.)”, and select the ca-cert.pem file that you’ve saved. Then click Next.

8. Ensure that the Certificate Store is set to Trusted Root Certification Authorities, and click Next.

9. Click Finish to import the certificate.

Then configure the VPN with these steps:

1. Launch Control Panel, then navigate to the Network and Sharing Center.
2. Click on Set up a new connection or network, then select Connect to a workplace.
3. Select Use my Internet connection (VPN).
4. Enter the VPN server details. Enter the server’s domain name or IP address in the Internet address field, then fill in Destination name with something that describes your VPN connection. Then click Done.

Configuring Windows using PowerShell

To import the root CA certificate using PowerShell, first open a PowerShell prompt with administrator privileges. To do so, right click the Start menu icon and select Windows PowerShell (Admin). You can also open a command prompt as administrator and type powershell.

Next we’ll import the certificate using the Import-Certificate PowerShell cmdlet. In the following command, the first -CertStoreLocation argument will ensure that the certificate is imported into the computer’s Trusted Root Certification Authorities store so that all programs and users will be able to verify the VPN server’s certificate. The -FilePath argument should point to the location where you copied the certificate. In the following example the path is C:\Users\sammy\Documents\ca-cert.pem. Ensure that you edit the command to match the location that you used.

Import-Certificate `
    -CertStoreLocation cert:\LocalMachine\Root\ `
    -FilePath C:\users\sammy\Documents\ca-cert.pem

The command will output something like the following:

Output
   PSParentPath: Microsoft.PowerShell.Security\Certificate::LocalMachine\Root

Thumbprint                                Subject
----------                                -------
DB00813B4087E9367861E8463A60CEA0ADC5F002  CN=VPN root CA

Now to configure the VPN using PowerShell, run the following command. Substitute your server’s DNS name or IP address on the -ServerAddress line. The various flags will ensure that Windows is correctly configured with the appropriate security parameters that match the options that you set in /etc/ipsec.conf.

Add-VpnConnection -Name "VPN Connection" `
    -ServerAddress "server_domain_or_IP" `
    -TunnelType "IKEv2" `
    -AuthenticationMethod "EAP" `
    -EncryptionLevel "Maximum" `
    -RememberCredential `

If the command is successful there will not be any output. To confirm the VPN is configured correctly, use the Get-VPNConnection cmdlet:

Get-VpnConnection -Name "VPN Connection"

You will receive output like the following:

Output
Name                  : VPN Connection
ServerAddress         : your_server_ip
AllUserConnection     : False
Guid                  : {B055A1AB-175C-4028-B4A8-D34309A2B20E}
TunnelType            : Ikev2
AuthenticationMethod  : {Eap}
EncryptionLevel       : Maximum
L2tpIPsecAuth         :
UseWinlogonCredential : False
EapConfigXmlStream    : #document
ConnectionStatus      : Disconnected
RememberCredential    : True
SplitTunneling        : False
DnsSuffix             :
IdleDisconnectSeconds : 0

By default Windows chooses older and slower algorithms. Run the Set-VpnConnectionIPsecConfiguration cmdlet to upgrade the encryption parameters that Windows will use for the IKEv2 key exchange, and to encrypt packets:

Set-VpnConnectionIPsecConfiguration -Name "VPN Connection" `
    -AuthenticationTransformConstants GCMAES256 `
    -CipherTransformConstants GCMAES256 `
    -DHGroup ECP384 `
    -IntegrityCheckMethod SHA384 `
    -PfsGroup ECP384 `
    -EncryptionMethod GCMAES256

Remove-VpnConnection -Name "VPN Connection" -Force

Connecting to the VPN

Once you have the certificate imported and the VPN configured using either method, your new VPN connection will be visible under the list of networks. Select the VPN and click Connect. You’ll be prompted for your username and password. Type them in, click OK, and you’ll be connected.

Connecting from macOS

Follow these steps to import the certificate:

1. Double-click the certificate file. Keychain Access will pop up with a dialog that says “Keychain Access is trying to modify the system keychain. Enter your password to allow this.”
2. Enter your password, then click on Modify Keychain
3. Double-click the newly imported VPN certificate. This brings up a small properties window where you can specify the trust levels. Set IP Security (IPSec) to Always Trust and you’ll be prompted for your password again. This setting saves automatically after entering the password.

Now that the certificate is imported and trusted, configure the VPN connection with these steps:

1. Go to System Preferences and choose Network.
2. Click on the small “plus” button on the lower-left of the list of networks.
3. In the popup that appears, set Interface to VPN, set the VPN Type to IKEv2, and give the connection a name.
4. In the Server and Remote ID field, enter the server’s domain name or IP address. Leave the Local ID blank.
5. Click on Authentication Settings, select Username, and enter your username and password you configured for your VPN user. Then click OK.

Finally, click on Connect to connect to the VPN. You should now be connected to the VPN.

Connecting from Ubuntu

To connect from an Ubuntu machine, you can set up and manage StrongSwan as a service or use a one-off command every time you wish to connect. Instructions are provided for both.

Managing StrongSwan as a Service

To manage StrongSwan as a service, you will need to perform the following configuration steps.

First, update your local package cache using apt

 sudo apt update

Next, install StrongSwan and the required plugins for authentication:

sudo apt install strongswan libcharon-extra-plugins

Now you’ll need a copy of the CA certificate in the /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts directory so that your client can verify the server’s identity. Run the following command to copy the ca-cert.pem file into place:

sudo cp /tmp/ca-cert.pem /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts

To ensure the VPN only runs on demand, use systemctl to disable StrongSwan from running automatically:

sudo systemctl disable --now strongswan-starter

Next configure the username and password that you will use to authenticate to the VPN server. Edit /etc/ipsec.secrets using nano or your preferred editor:

sudo nano /etc/ipsec.secrets

Add the following line, editing the highlighted username and password values to match the ones that you configured on the server:

your_username : EAP "your_password"

Finally, edit the /etc/ipsec.conf file to configure your client to match the server’s configuration:

config setup

conn ikev2-rw
    right=server_domain_or_IP
    # This should match the `leftid` value on your server's configuration
    rightid=server_domain_or_IP
    rightsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
    rightauth=pubkey
    leftsourceip=%config
    leftid=username
    leftauth=eap-mschapv2
    eap_identity=%identity
    auto=start

To connect to the VPN, type:

sudo systemctl start strongswan-starter

To disconnect again, type:

sudo systemctl stop strongswan-starter

Using the charon-cmd Client for One-Off Connections

To manage StrongSwan as a service, you will need to perform the following configuration steps.

First, update your local package cache using apt

sudo apt update

Next, install StrongSwan and the required plugins for authentication:

sudo apt install strongswan libcharon-extra-plugins

Now you’ll need a copy of the CA certificate in the /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts directory so that your client can verify the server’s identity. Run the following command to copy the ca-cert.pem file into place:

sudo cp /tmp/ca-cert.pem /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts

At this point you can connect to the VPN server with charon-cmd using the server’s CA certificate, the VPN server’s IP address, and the username you configured.

Run the following command whenever you want to connect to the VPN:

sudo charon-cmd --cert ca-cert.pem --host vpn_domain_or_IP --identity your_username

When prompted, provide the VPN user’s password and you will be connected to the VPN. To disconnect, press CTRL+C in the terminal and wait for the connection to close.

Connecting from iOS

To configure the VPN connection on an iOS device, follow these steps:

1. Send yourself an email with the root certificate attached.
2. Open the email on your iOS device and tap on the attached certificate file, then tap Install and enter your passcode. Once it installs, tap Done.
3. Go to Settings, General, VPN and tap Add VPN Configuration. This will bring up the VPN connection configuration screen.
4. Tap on Type and select IKEv2.
5. In the Description field, enter a short name for the VPN connection. This could be anything you like.
6. In the Server and Remote ID field, enter the server’s domain name or IP address. The Local ID field can be left blank.
7. Enter your username and password in the Authentication section, then tap Done.
8. Select the VPN connection that you just created, tap the switch on the top of the page, and you’ll be connected.

Connecting from Android

Follow these steps to import the certificate:

1. Send yourself an email with the CA certificate attached. Save the CA certificate to your downloads folder.
2. Download the StrongSwan VPN client from the Play Store.
3. Open the app. Tap the “more” icon (. . .) in the upper-right corner and select CA certificates.
4. Tap the “more” icon (. . .) in the upper-right corner again. Select Import certificate.
5. Browse to the CA certificate file in your downloads folder and select it to import it into the app.

Now that the certificate is imported into the StrongSwan app, you can configure the VPN connection with these steps:

1. In the app, tap ADD VPN PROFILE at the top.
2. Fill out the Server with your VPN server’s domain name or public IP address.
3. Make sure IKEv2 EAP (Username/Password) is selected as the VPN Type.
4. Fill out the Username and Password with the credentials you defined on the server.
5. Deselect Select automatically in the CA certificate section and click Select CA certificate.
6. Tap the IMPORTED tab at the top of the screen and choose the CA you imported (it will be named “VPN root CA” if you didn’t change the “DN” earlier).
7. If you’d like, fill out Profile name (optional) with a more descriptive name.

When you wish to connect to the VPN, click on the profile you just created in the StrongSwan application.

Troubleshooting Connections

If you are unable to import the certificate, ensure the file has the .pem extension, and not .pem.txt.

If you’re unable to connect to the VPN, check the server name or IP address you used. The server’s domain name or IP address must match what you’ve configured as the common name (CN) while creating the certificate. If they don’t match, the VPN connection won’t work. For example, if you set up a certificate with the CN of vpn.example.com, you must use vpn.example.com when you enter the VPN server details. Double-check the command you used to generate the certificate, and the values you used when creating your VPN connection.

Finally, double-check the VPN configuration to ensure the leftid value is configured with the @ symbol if you’re using a domain name:

    leftid=@vpn.example.com

If you’re using an IP address, ensure that the @ symbol is omitted. Also make sure that when you generated the server-cert.pem file that you included both --san @IP_address and --san IP_address flags.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you’ve built a VPN server that uses the IKEv2 protocol. You learned about the directives that control the left and right sides of a connection on both server and clients. You also configured a Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, or Linux client to connect to the VPN.

To add or remove users, skip to Step 5 again. Each line in /etc/ipsec.secrets is for one user, so adding or removing users, or changing passwords just requires editing the file.

Now you can be assured that your online activities will remain secure wherever you go and with any device that you use to access the internet.