How To Use Certbot Standalone Mode to Retrieve Let's Encrypt SSL Certificates on Ubuntu 16.04

Introduction

Let’s Encrypt is a service offering free SSL certificates through an automated API. The most popular Let’s Encrypt client is EFF’s Certbot.

Certbot offers a variety of ways to validate your domain, fetch certificates, and automatically configure Apache and Nginx. In this tutorial, we’ll discuss Certbot’s standalone mode and how to use it to secure other types of services, such as a mail server or a message broker like RabbitMQ.

We won’t discuss the details of SSL configuration, but when you are done you will have a valid certificate that is automatically renewed. Additionally, you will be able to automate reloading your service to pick up the renewed certificate.

Prerequisites

Before starting this tutorial, you will need:

• An Ubuntu 16.04 server with a non-root, sudo-enabled user and basic firewall set up, as detailed in this Ubuntu 16.04 server setup tutorial.
• A domain name pointed at your server, which you can accomplish by following “How to Set Up a Host Name with DigitalOcean.” This tutorial will use example.com throughout.
• Port 80 or 443 must be unused on your server. If the service you’re trying to secure is on a machine with a web server that occupies both of those ports, you’ll need to use a different mode such as Certbot’s webroot mode.

Step 1 — Installing Certbot

Ubuntu includes the Certbot client in their default repository, but it’s a bit out of date. Instead, we’ll install it from Certbot’s official Ubuntu PPA, or Personal Package Archive. These are alternative repositories that package more recent or more obscure software. First, add the repository:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbot

You’ll need to press ENTER to accept. Afterwards, update the package list to pick up the new repository’s package information:

sudo apt-get update

And finally, install the certbot package:

sudo apt-get install certbot

Now that we have Certbot installed, let’s run it to get our certificate.

Step 2 — Running Certbot

Certbot needs to answer a cryptographic challenge issued by the Let’s Encrypt API in order to prove we control our domain. It uses ports 80 (HTTP) or 443 (HTTPS) to accomplish this. Open up the appropriate port in your firewall:

sudo ufw allow 80

Substitute 443 above if that’s the port you’re using. ufw will output confirmation that your rule was added:

Output
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

We can now run Certbot to get our certificate. We’ll use the --standalone option to tell Certbot to handle the challenge using its own built-in web server. The --preferred-challenges option instructs Certbot to use port 80 or port 443. If you’re using port 80, you want --preferred-challenges http. For port 443 it would be --preferred-challenges tls-sni. Finally, the -d flag is used to specify the domain you’re requesting a certificate for. You can add multiple -d options to cover multiple domains in one certificate.

sudo certbot certonly --standalone --preferred-challenges http -d example.com

When running the command, you will be prompted to enter an email address and agree to the terms of service. After doing so, you should see a message telling you the process was successful and where your certificates are stored:

Output
IMPORTANT NOTES:
 - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at
   /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem. Your cert will
   expire on 2017-10-23. To obtain a new or tweaked version of this
   certificate in the future, simply run certbot again with the
   "certonly" option. To non-interactively renew *all* of your
   certificates, run "certbot renew"
 - Your account credentials have been saved in your Certbot
   configuration directory at /etc/letsencrypt. You should make a
   secure backup of this folder now. This configuration directory will
   also contain certificates and private keys obtained by Certbot so
   making regular backups of this folder is ideal.
 - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:

   Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le

We’ve got our certificates. Let’s take a look at what we downloaded and how to use the files with our software.

Step 3 — Configuring Your Application

Configuring your application for SSL is beyond the scope of this article, as each application has different requirements and configuration options, but let’s take a look at what Certbot has downloaded for us. Use ls to list out the directory that holds our keys and certificates:

sudo ls /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com

Output
cert.pem  chain.pem  fullchain.pem  privkey.pem  README

The README file in this directory has more information about each of these files. Most often you’ll only need two of these files:

• privkey.pem: This is the private key for the certificate. This needs to be kept safe and secret, which is why most of the /etc/letsencrypt directory has very restrictive permissions and is accessible by only the root user. Most software configuration will refer to this as something similar to ssl-certificate-key or ssl-certificate-key-file.
• fullchain.pem: This is our certificate, bundled with all intermediate certificates. Most software will use this file for the actual certificate, and will refer to it in their configuration with a name like ‘ssl-certificate’.

For more information on the other files present, refer to the “Where are my certificates” section of the Certbot docs.

Some software will need its certificates in other formats, in other locations, or with other user permissions. It is best to leave everything in the letsencrypt directory, and not change any permissions in there (permissions will just be overwritten upon renewal anyway), but sometimes that’s just not an option. In that case, you’ll need to write a script to move files and change permissions as needed. This script will need to be run whenever Certbot renews the certificates, which we’ll talk about next.

Step 4 — Handling Certbot Automatic Renewals

Let’s Encrypt’s certificates are only valid for ninety days. This is to encourage users to automate their certificate renewal process. The certbot package we installed takes care of this for us by adding a renew script to /etc/cron.d. This script runs twice a day and will renew any certificate that’s within thirty days of expiration.

With our certificates renewing automatically, we still need a way to run other tasks after a renewal. We need to at least restart or reload our server to pick up the new certificates, and as mentioned in Step 3 we may need to manipulate the certificate files in some way to make them work with the software we’re using. This is the purpose of Certbot’s renew_hook option.

To add a renew_hook, we update Certbot’s renewal config file. Certbot remembers all the details of how you first fetched the certificate, and will run with the same options upon renewal. We just need to add in our hook. Open the config file with you favorite editor:

sudo nano /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/example.com.conf

A text file will open with some configuration options. Add your hook on the last line:

renew_hook = systemctl reload rabbitmq

Update the command above to whatever you need to run to reload your server or run your custom file munging script. Usually, on Ubuntu, you’ll mostly be using systemctl to reload a service. Save and close the file, then run a Certbot dry run to make sure the syntax is ok:

sudo certbot renew --dry-run

If you see no errors, you’re all set. Certbot is set to renew when necessary and run any commands needed to get your service using the new files.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we’ve installed the Certbot Let’s Encrypt client, downloaded an SSL certificate using standalone mode, and enabled automatic renewals with renew hooks. This should give you a good start on using Let’s Encrypt certificates with services other than your typical web server.

For more information, please refer to Certbot’s documentation.

zoal@zoltans-mbp:~|⇒  sudo certbot certonly --standalone --preferred-challenges http -d example.com
Password:
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator standalone, Installer None
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for example.com
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Failed authorization procedure. example.com (http-01): urn:acme:error:unauthorized :: The client lacks sufficient authorization :: Invalid response from http://example.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/0hAZjaUob6DT83A689S8N_sq-b94SOvj8OzbP7b5Vk4: "<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Example Domain</title>

    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="Content-type"

IMPORTANT NOTES:
 - The following errors were reported by the server:

   Domain: example.com
   Type:   unauthorized
   Detail: Invalid response from
   http://example.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/0hAZjaUob6DT83A689S8N_sq-b94SOvj8OzbP7b5Vk4:
   "<!doctype html>
   <html>
   <head>
       <title>Example Domain</title>

       <meta charset="utf-8" />
       <meta http-equiv="Content-type"

   To fix these errors, please make sure that your domain name was
   entered correctly and the DNS A/AAAA record(s) for that domain
   contain(s) the right IP address.

root@example:~# sudo certbot certonly --standalone --preferred-challenges http -d example.com
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for example.com
Cleaning up challenges
Problem binding to port 80: Could not bind to IPv4 or IPv6.

/usr/bin/certbot renew --pre-hook "systemctl stop nginx" --post-hook "systemctl start nginx"