The fuser
command is a Linux utility designed to find which process is using a given file, directory, or socket. It also provides information about the user owning running that process, and the type of access.
You can review the fuser
manual page to get an overview of all of the options to use with fuser
. You can also run fuser
on its own without any options to get an overview of fuser
syntax:
- fuser
OutputNo process specification given
Usage: fuser [-fMuv] [-a|-s] [-4|-6] [-c|-m|-n SPACE] [-k [-i] [-SIGNAL]] NAME...
fuser -l
fuser -V
Show which processes use the named files, sockets, or filesystems.
-a,--all display unused files too
-i,--interactive ask before killing (ignored without -k)
-k,--kill kill processes accessing the named file
-l,--list-signals list available signal names
-m,--mount show all processes using the named filesystems or block device
-M,--ismountpoint fulfill request only if NAME is a mount point
-n,--namespace SPACE search in this name space (file, udp, or tcp)
-s,--silent silent operation
-SIGNAL send this signal instead of SIGKILL
-u,--user display user IDs
-v,--verbose verbose output
-w,--writeonly kill only processes with write access
-V,--version display version information
-4,--ipv4 search IPv4 sockets only
-6,--ipv6 search IPv6 sockets only
- reset options
udp/tcp names: [local_port][,[rmt_host][,[rmt_port]]]
fuser
can also be used with -v option, which runs the tool in verbose mode. The verbose option is used to produce more output so the user can observe what fuser
is doing. Run fuser
on the current directory, .
, while including the -v
option:
- fuser -v .
Output USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/home/sammy: sammy 17604 ..c.. bash
In this case, the only process running in this directory is the interactive bash
shell that you are running commands from right now.
When run in verbose mode, the fuser
utility gives information about the USER
, PID
, ACCESS
and COMMAND
of a process. The c
character under ACCESS
shows the type of access, in this case meaning the current directory. There are other access types, such as executable being run, root directory, open file, and mapped file or shared library.
You may also need to look up processes using TCP and UDP sockets. To demonstrate this example, you’ll first use nc
to create a TCP listener on port 8002, so that there is a running process you can observe:
- nc -l -p 8002
This will block the terminal as long as it’s running. In another terminal window, use fuser
to find the process running on TCP port 8002 with the -n
option:
- fuser -v -n tcp 8002
Output USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
8002/tcp: sammy 17985 F.... nc
Note: By default, the fuser
tool will check both IPv4 and IPv6 sockets, but you can change this with the -4
and -6
options to check only IPv4 or only IPv6 connections, respectively.
This output shows that the process id (PID
) of the process using netcat is 17985
and the command which was used to launch it is ‘nc’. The process id (PID) can be used in many ways, including to stop or kill a running process. You can learn more about process management by reading How To Use ps, kill, and nice to Manage Processes in Linux. You can also use fuser
itself to kill processes running on specific ports by using the -k
flag:
- fuser -k 8002/tcp
Output8002/tcp: 18056
If you navigate back to your first terminal window, you will notice that the nc
program has been killed and returned to the shell.
The fuser utility can also be used to send specific signals to a process. When used with the -k option, the fuser command sends the KILL signal to a process. There are many other signals that can be sent to a specific running process. You can list these with fuser -l
:
- fuser -l
OutputHUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT BUS FPE KILL USR1 SEGV USR2 PIPE ALRM TERM STKFLT
CHLD CONT STOP TSTP TTIN TTOU URG XCPU XFSZ VTALRM PROF WINCH POLL PWR SYS
In this article, you learned some example uses of fuser
to monitor in-use ports and directories on a Linux system. fuser
can be particularly useful when you’re trying to understand what unknown processes may be running on your system.
Next, you may want to learn how to use netstat
and du
to monitor other server resources.
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