Initial Server Setup with Rocky Linux 9

Introduction

When you first create a new Rocky Linux 9 server, there are a few configuration steps that you should take early on as part of the initial setup. This will increase the security and usability of your server and will give you a solid foundation to build on.

Step 1 — Logging in as Root

To log into your server, you will need to know your server’s public IP address. You will also need the password or, if you installed an SSH key for authentication, the private key for the root user’s account. If you have not already logged into your server, you may want to follow our documentation on how to connect to your Droplet with SSH, which covers this process in detail.

If you are not already connected to your server, log in as the root user now using the following command (substitute the highlighted portion of the command with your server’s public IP address):

ssh root@your_server_ip

Accept the warning about host authenticity if it appears. If you are using password authentication, provide your root password to log in. If you are using an SSH key that is passphrase protected, you may be prompted to enter the passphrase the first time you use the key each session. If this is your first time logging into the server with a password, you may also be prompted to change the root password.

About Root

The root user is the administrative user in a Linux environment, and it has very broad privileges. Because of the heightened privileges of the root account, you are discouraged from using it on a regular basis. This is because part of the power inherent with the root account is the ability to make very destructive changes, even by accident.

As such, the next step is to set up an alternative user account with a reduced scope of influence for day-to-day work. This account will still be able to gain increased privileges when necessary.

Step 2 — Creating a New User

Once you are logged in as root, you can create a new user account that you will use to log in from now on.

This example creates a new user called sammy, but you should replace it with any username that you prefer:

adduser sammy

Next, set a strong password for the sammy user:

passwd sammy

You will be prompted to enter the password twice. After doing so, your user will be ready to use, but first you’ll give this user additional privileges to use the sudo command. This will allow you to run commands as root when necessary.

Step 3 — Granting Administrative Privileges

Now, you have a new user account with regular account privileges. However, you may sometimes need to perform administrative tasks.

To avoid having to log out of your regular user and log back in as the root account, you can set up what is known as “superuser” or root privileges for your regular account. This will allow your regular user to run commands with administrative privileges by putting the word sudo before each command.

To add these privileges to your new user, you need to add the new user to the wheel group. By default, on Rocky Linux 9, users who belong to the wheel group are allowed to use the sudo command.

As root, run this command to add your new user to the wheel group (substitute the highlighted word with your new username):

usermod -aG wheel sammy

Now, when logged in as your regular user, you can type sudo before commands to perform actions with superuser privileges.

Step 4 — Setting Up a Firewall

Firewalls provide a baseline level of security for your server. These applications are responsible for denying traffic to every port on your server, except for those ports/services you have explicitly approved. Rocky Linux has a service called firewalld to perform this function. A tool called firewall-cmd is used to configure firewalld firewall policies.

First install firewalld:

dnf install firewalld -y

The default firewalld configuration allows ssh connections, so you can turn the firewall on immediately:

systemctl start firewalld

Check the status of the service to make sure it started:

systemctl status firewalld

Output
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2022-09-13 18:26:19 UTC; 1 day 2h ago
       Docs: man:firewalld(1)
   Main PID: 15060 (firewalld)
      Tasks: 4 (limit: 10938)
     Memory: 28.1M
        CPU: 6.127s
     CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
             └─15060 /usr/bin/python3 -s /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Note that it is both active and enabled, meaning it will start by default if the server is rebooted.

Now that the service is up and running, you can use the firewall-cmd utility to get and set policy information for the firewall.

First let’s list which services are already allowed:

firewall-cmd --permanent --list-all

Output
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: eth0 eth1
  sources:
  services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ssh
  ports:
  protocols:
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports:
  source-ports:
  icmp-blocks:
  rich rules:

To see the additional services that you can enable by name, type:

firewall-cmd --get-services

To add a service that should be allowed, use the --add-service flag:

firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http

This would add the http service and allow incoming TCP traffic to port 80. The configuration will update after you reload the firewall:

firewall-cmd --reload

Remember that you will have to explicitly open the firewall (with services or ports) for any additional services that you may configure later.

Step 5 — Enabling External Access for Your Regular User

Now that you have a regular non-root user for daily use, you need to make sure you can use it to SSH into your server.

The process for configuring SSH access for your new user depends on whether your server’s root account uses a password or SSH keys for authentication.

If the Root Account Uses Password Authentication

If you logged in to your root account using a password, then password authentication is enabled for SSH. You can SSH to your new user account by opening up a new terminal session and using SSH with your new username:

ssh sammy@your_server_ip

After entering your regular user’s password, you will be logged in. Remember, if you need to run a command with administrative privileges, type sudo before it like this:

sudo command_to_run

You will be prompted for your regular user password when using sudo for the first time each session (and periodically afterwards).

To enhance your server’s security, you should set up SSH keys instead of using password authentication. Follow this guide on setting up SSH keys on Rocky Linux 9 to learn how to configure key-based authentication.

If the Root Account Uses SSH Key Authentication

If you logged in to your root account using SSH keys, then password authentication is disabled for SSH. You will need to add a copy of your public key to the new user’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file to log in successfully.

Since your public key is already in the root account’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file on the server, you can copy that file and directory structure to your new user account.

The most straightforward way to copy the files with the correct ownership and permissions is with the rsync command. This will copy the root user’s .ssh directory, preserve the permissions, and modify the file owners, all in a single command. Make sure to change the highlighted portions of the command below to match your regular user’s name:

rsync --archive --chown=sammy:sammy ~/.ssh /home/sammy

Now, back in a new terminal on your local machine, open up a new SSH session with your non-root user:

ssh sammy@your_server_ip

You should be logged in to the new user account without using a password. Remember, if you need to run a command with administrative privileges, type sudo before it like this:

sudo command_to_run

You will be prompted for your regular user password when using sudo for the first time each session (and periodically afterwards).

Conclusion

At this point, you have a solid foundation for your server. You can install any of the software you need on your server now. For example, you can begin by installing the Nginx web server.