How To Install and Use PostgreSQL on Rocky Linux 9

Introduction

Relational database management systems are a key component of many websites and applications. They provide a structured way to store, organize, and access information.

PostgreSQL, also known as Postgres, is a relational database management system that provides an implementation of Structured Query Language, better known as SQL. It’s used by many popular projects, both large and small, is standards-compliant, and has many advanced features like reliable transactions and concurrency without read locks.

By following this guide, you will install the latest version of PostgreSQL on a Rocky Linux 9 server.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you will need a server running Rocky Linux 9. This server should have a non-root user with administrative privileges and a firewall configured with firewalld. To set this up, see our Initial Server Setup guide for Rocky Linux 9.

Step 1 — Installing PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is available from Rocky Linux’s default software repository, and can be installed with dnf, Rocky’s package manager. You should also install another package called glibc-all-langpacks at the same time to improve multilingual support in Postgres. Install them both using dnf install:

sudo dnf install postgresql-server glibc-all-langpacks

When given the prompt, confirm the installation by pressing y then ENTER:

By default, Rocky Linux 9 installs PostgreSQL version 13. Now that the software is installed, you will perform some initialization steps to prepare a new database cluster for PostgreSQL.

Step 2 — Creating a New PostgreSQL Database Cluster

You have to create a new PostgreSQL database cluster before you can start creating tables and loading them with data. A database cluster is a collection of databases that are managed by a single server instance. Creating a database cluster consists of creating the directories in which the database data will be placed, generating the shared catalog tables, and creating the template1 and postgres databases.

The template1 database is a template of sorts used to create new databases; everything that is stored in template1, even objects you add yourself, will be placed in new databases when they’re created. The postgres database is a default database designed for use by users, utilities, and third-party applications.

The Postgres package we installed in the previous step comes with a handy script called postgresql-setup which helps with low-level database cluster administration. To create a database cluster, run the script using sudo and with the --initdb option:

sudo postgresql-setup --initdb

You will see the following output:

Output
 * Initializing database in '/var/lib/pgsql/data'
 * Initialized, logs are in /var/lib/pgsql/initdb_postgresql.log

Now start the PostgreSQL service using systemctl:

sudo systemctl start postgresql

Then, use systemctl once more to enable the service to start up whenever the server boots:

sudo systemctl enable postgresql

This will give the following output

Output
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service.

Now that PostgreSQL is up and running, we will go over using roles to learn how Postgres works and how it is different from similar database management systems you may have used in the past.

Step 3 — Using PostgreSQL Roles and Databases

PostgreSQL uses a concept called roles to handle client authentication and authorization. These are in some ways similar to regular Unix-style accounts, but Postgres does not distinguish between users and groups and instead prefers the more flexible term role.

Upon installation, Postgres is set up to use ident authentication, meaning that it associates Postgres roles with a matching Unix/Linux system account. If a role exists within Postgres, a Unix/Linux username with the same name is able to sign in as that role.

The installation procedure created a user account called postgres that is associated with the default postgres role. In order to use PostgreSQL, you can log in to that account.

There are a few ways to use this account to access the PostgreSQL prompt.

Switching Over to the postgres Account

Switch over to the postgres account on your server by typing:

sudo -i -u postgres

You can now access a Postgres prompt immediately by typing:

psql

This will log you into the PostgreSQL prompt, and from here you are free to interact with the database management system right away.

Exit out of the PostgreSQL prompt by typing:

\q

This will bring you back to the postgres account’s Linux command prompt. Now return to your original account with the following:

exit

Accessing a Postgres Prompt Without Switching Accounts

You can also run commands with the postgres account directly using sudo.

For instance, in the previous example, you were instructed to access the Postgres prompt by first switching to the postgres user and then running psql to open the Postgres prompt. As an alternative, you could do this in one step by running the single command psql as the postgres user with sudo, like this:

sudo -u postgres psql

This will log you directly into Postgres without the intermediary bash shell.

Again, you can exit the interactive Postgres session by typing:

\q

In this step, you used the postgres account to reach the psql prompt. But many use cases require more than one Postgres role. Read on to learn how to configure new roles.

Step 4 — Creating a New Role

Currently, you just have the postgres role configured within the database. You can create new roles from the command line with the createrole command. The --interactive flag will prompt you for the name of the new role and also ask whether it should have superuser permissions.

If you are logged in as the postgres account, you can create a new user by typing:

createuser --interactive

If, instead, you prefer to use sudo for each command without switching from your normal account, type:

sudo -u postgres createuser --interactive

The script will prompt you with some choices and, based on your responses, execute the necessary Postgres commands to create a user to your specifications. For this tutorial, create a role named sammy and give it superuser privileges by entering y when prompted:

Output
Enter name of role to add: sammy
Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) y

You can get more control by passing some additional flags. Check out the options by looking at the man page for createuser:

man createuser

Your installation of Postgres now has a new role, but you have not yet added any databases. The next section describes this process.

Step 5 — Creating a New Database

Another assumption that the Postgres authentication system makes by default is that for any role used to log in, that role will have a database with the same name which it can access.

This means that if the user you created in the last section is called sammy, that role will attempt to connect to a database which is also called sammy by default. You can create such a database with the createdb command.

If you are logged in as the postgres account, you would type something like:

createdb sammy

If, instead, you prefer to use sudo for each command without switching from your normal account, you would type:

sudo -u postgres createdb sammy

This flexibility provides multiple paths for creating databases as needed.

Now that you’ve created a new database, you will log in to it with your new role.

Step 6 — Opening a Postgres Prompt with the New Role

To log in with ident-based authentication, you’ll need a Linux user with the same name as your Postgres role and database.

If you don’t have a matching Linux user available, you can create one with the adduser command. You will have to do this from your non-root account with sudo privileges (meaning, not logged in as the postgres user):

sudo adduser sammy

Once this new account is available, you can either switch over and then connect to the database by first typing:

sudo -i -u sammy
psql

Or, you can do this inline:

sudo -u sammy psql

This command will log you in automatically.

If you want your user to connect to a different database, you can do so by including the -d flag and specifying the database, like this:

psql -d sammy

Once logged in, you can check your current connection information by typing:

\conninfo

This will show the following output:

Output
You are connected to database "sammy" as user "sammy" via socket in "/var/run/postgresql" at port "5432".

This is useful if you are connecting to non-default databases or with non-default users.

Having connected to your database, you can now try out creating and deleting tables.

Step 7 — Creating and Deleting Tables

Now that you know how to connect to the PostgreSQL database system, you can learn some basic Postgres management tasks.

First, create a table to store some data. As an example, you will make a table that describes some playground equipment.

The basic syntax for this command is as follows:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column_name1 col_type (field_length) column_constraints,
    column_name2 col_type (field_length),
    column_name3 col_type (field_length)
);

These commands give the table a name, and then define the columns as well as the column type and the max length of the field data. You can also optionally add table constraints for each column.

For demonstration purposes, create a table like this:

CREATE TABLE playground (
    equip_id serial PRIMARY KEY,
    type varchar (50) NOT NULL,
    color varchar (25) NOT NULL,
    location varchar(25) check (location in ('north', 'south', 'west', 'east', 'northeast', 'southeast', 'southwest', 'northwest')),
    install_date date
);

This command will create a table that inventories playground equipment. It starts with an equipment ID, which is of the serial type. This data type is an auto-incrementing integer. You’ve also given this column the constraint of PRIMARY KEY, which means that the values must be unique and not null.

For two of the columns (equip_id and install_date), the command does not specify a field length. This is because some column types don’t require a set length because the length is implied by the type.

The next two lines create columns for the equipment type and color respectively, each of which cannot be empty. The line after these creates a location column and a constraint that requires the value to be one of eight possible values. The last line creates a date column that records the date on which you installed the equipment.

You can see your new table by typing:

\d

This will show the following output:

Output
                  List of relations
 Schema |          Name           |   Type   | Owner 
--------+-------------------------+----------+-------
 public | playground              | table    | sammy
 public | playground_equip_id_seq | sequence | sammy
(2 rows)

Your playground table is here, but there’s also something called playground_equip_id_seq that is of the type sequence. This is a representation of the serial type that you gave your equip_id column. This keeps track of the next number in the sequence and is created automatically for columns of this type.

If you want to see just the table without the sequence, you can type:

\dt

This will yield the following:

Output
          List of relations
 Schema |    Name    | Type  | Owner 
--------+------------+-------+-------
 public | playground | table | sammy
(1 row)

In this step, you created a sample table. In the next step, you will try out adding, querying, and deleting entries in that table.

Step 8 — Adding, Querying, and Deleting Data in a Table

Now that you have a table, you can insert some data into it.

As an example, add a slide and a swing by calling the table you want to add to, naming the columns, and then providing data for each column, like this:

INSERT INTO playground (type, color, location, install_date) VALUES ('slide', 'blue', 'south', '2017-04-28');
INSERT INTO playground (type, color, location, install_date) VALUES ('swing', 'yellow', 'northwest', '2018-08-16');

You should take care when entering the data to avoid a few common mistakes. For one, do not wrap the column names in quotation marks, only the column values.

Another thing to keep in mind is that you do not enter a value for the equip_id column. This is because it is automatically generated whenever a new row in the table is created.

Retrieve the information you’ve added by typing:

SELECT * FROM playground;

You will see the following output:

Output
 equip_id | type  | color  | location  | install_date 
----------+-------+--------+-----------+--------------
        1 | slide | blue   | south     | 2017-04-28
        2 | swing | yellow | northwest | 2018-08-16
(2 rows)

Here, you can see that your equip_id has been filled in successfully and that all of your other data has been organized correctly.

If the slide on the playground breaks and you have to remove it, you can also remove the row from your table by typing:

DELETE FROM playground WHERE type = 'slide';

Query the table again:

SELECT * FROM playground;

You will see the following:

Output
 equip_id | type  | color  | location  | install_date 
----------+-------+--------+-----------+--------------
        2 | swing | yellow | northwest | 2018-08-16
(1 row)

Notice that your slide is no longer a part of the table.

Now that you’ve added and deleted entries in your table, you can try adding and deleting columns.

Step 9 — Adding and Deleting Columns from a Table

After creating a table, you can modify it to add or remove columns. Add a column to show the last maintenance visit for each piece of equipment by typing:

ALTER TABLE playground ADD last_maint date;

If you view your table information again, you will see the new column has been added (but no data has been entered):

SELECT * FROM playground;

You will see the following:

Output
 equip_id | type  | color  | location  | install_date | last_maint 
----------+-------+--------+-----------+--------------+------------
        2 | swing | yellow | northwest | 2018-08-16   | 
(1 row)

If you find that your work crew uses a separate tool to keep track of maintenance history, you can delete the column by typing:

ALTER TABLE playground DROP last_maint;

This deletes the last_maint column and any values found within it, but leaves all the other data intact.

Having now added and deleted columns, you can try updating existing data in the final step.

Step 10 — Updating Data in a Table

So far, you’ve learned how to add records to a table and how to delete them, but this tutorial hasn’t yet covered how to modify existing entries.

You can update the values of an existing entry by querying for the record you want and setting the column to the value you wish to use. You can query for the swing record (this will match every swing in your table) and change its color to red:

UPDATE playground SET color = 'red' WHERE type = 'swing';

You can verify that the operation was successful by querying the data again:

SELECT * FROM playground;

You will see the following:

Output
 equip_id | type  | color | location  | install_date 
----------+-------+-------+-----------+--------------
        2 | swing | red   | northwest | 2010-08-16
(1 row)

As you can see, your slide is now registered as being red.

Conclusion

You are now set up with PostgreSQL on your Rocky Linux 9 server. However, there is still much more to learn with Postgres. Here are some more guides that cover how to use Postgres:

• A comparison of relational database management systems
• Learn about running queries in PostgreSQL